Frequency Results

Given the results cited in the literature above, our expectations are that higher values of these HRM variables will generally lower claim frequency. Which HRM practices actually do lower claim frequency, and by how much, is an empirical issue addressed in Table 3.2. 

Since the results in the left-hand column of Table 3.2 come from a linear probability model, they are readily interpreted as the change in the probability of an injury given a unit change in the corresponding regressors. (Since the specifications in the center and right-hand columns involve injury severity measures rather than injury frequency, they will be discussed below.) For example, unionized woikplaces have a 4 per- 

A dummy variable coded 1 if the claimant s company experi- 0.326 0.470 

Score of the degree to which management shares information 18.895 5.079 

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Figure Bl.7.18. (a) Schematic diagram of the trapping cell in an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer excitation plates (E) detector plates (D) trapping plates (T). (b) The magnetron motion due to tire crossing of the magnetic and electric trapping fields is superimposed on the circular cyclotron motion aj taken up by the ions in the magnetic field. Excitation of the cyclotron frequency results in an image current being detected by the detector electrodes which can be Fourier transfonned into a secular frequency related to the m/z ratio of the trapped ion(s).

There are a variety of ways to express absolute QRA results. Absolute frequency results are estimates of the statistical likelihood of an accident occurring. Table 3 contains examples of typical statements of absolute frequency estimates. These estimates for complex system failures are usually synthesized using basic equipment failure and operator error data. Depending upon the availability, specificity, and quality of failure data, the estimates may have considerable statistical uncertainty (e.g., factors of 10 or more because of uncertainties in the input data alone). When reporting single-point estimates or best estimates of the expected frequency of rare events (i.e., events not expected to occur within the operating life of a plant), analysts sometimes provide a measure of the sensitivity of the results arising from data uncertainties. 

A typical phased QRA project to obtain frequency results is ... 

If you begin the route section with P rather than T, then additional information is printed at various points in the job. One of these items is a display of the polarizability and hyperpolarizability tensors much earlier in the output, just prior to the frequency results ... 

Atrial fibrillation leads to electrical remodeling of the atria. Episodes of AF that are of longer duration and episodes that occur with increasing frequency result in progressive shortening of atrial refractory periods, further potentiating the reentrant circuits in the atria.22 Therefore, it is often said that atrial... 

High-field EPR (HFEPR) spectroscopy greatly improves the resolution of the EPR signals for spectral features such as the g-tensor. Deviations of the g-value from free electron g=2.0023 are due to spin-orbital interactions, which are one of the most important structural characteristics (Kevan and Bowman 1990). Using a higher frequency results in enhanced spectral resolution in accordance with the resonance equation ... 

Conventional TCSPC equipment has been successfully employed in LSM for fluorescence spectroscopy on discrete microscopic volumes [18, 19] and for fluorescence lifetime imaging at a low acquisition speed [1], The use of conventional TCSPC equipment for imaging results in very long acquisition times, several to many minutes per (time-resolved) image. Importantly, operating the TCSPC detection system at too high detection rates, above 5% of the excitation frequency, results in distortion of the recorded decay curve [20],... 

Fig. 2. The mSR frequency spectrum of GaAs at 10 K in an external field of 1.15 T applied along a <110) direction. The upper two frequencies result from Mu that has an isotropic hyperfine interaction. The starred frequencies are from Mu that have hyperfine interactions axially symmetric about (111) axes. The angles in brackets refer to the direction of the external field with respect to the Mu symmetry axes. The frequency labelled vis due to a diamagnetic center. From Kiefl et al. (1985).

Adverse event. Unwanted effects that occur and are detected in populations. The term is used whether there is or is not any attribution to a medicine or other cause. Adverse events may be known parts of a disease that are observed to occur within a period of observation, and they may be analyzed to test for their frequency in a given population or trial. This is done to determine if there is an unexpectedly increased frequency resulting from nondisease factors such as medicine treatment. The term adverse event or adverse experience is used to encompass adverse reactions plus any injury, toxicity, or hypersensitivity that may be medicine-related, as well as any medical events that are apparently unrelated to medicine that occur during the study (e.g., surgery, illness, and trauma). See definition of Adverse reaction. 

Interestingly, CNTs have been shown to be able to deliver exogenous genes not only in mammalian cells, but also in bacteria. Rojas-Chapana et al. (2005) demonstrated that oxidised, water-dispersible CNTs can deliver pDNA into E. coli (ratio of transformation efficiency/transformants of about 32) by opening up temporary nanochannels across the cell envelope. The authors described that addition of CNTs in a suspension containing E. coli and pDNA and application of a microwave frequency resulted in the orientation of the CNT tips perpendicularly to the cell surface and subsequently plasmid delivery into the bacteria. 

How one obtains the three normal mode vibrational frequencies of the water molecule corresponding to the three vibrational degrees of freedom of the water molecule will be the subject of the following section. The H20 molecule has three normal vibrational frequencies which can be determined by vibrational spectroscopy. There are four force constants in the harmonic force field that are not known (see Equation 3.6). The values of four force constants cannot be determined from three observed frequencies. One needs additional information about the potential function in order to determine all four force constants. Here comes one of the first applications of isotope effects. If one has frequencies for both H20 and D20, one knows that these frequencies result from different atomic masses vibrating on the same potential function within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Thus, we... 

Li, Mg and Cl-isotope fractionations for gas-phase molecules and aqueous moleculelike complexes (using the gas-phase approximation) are calculated using ab initio vibrational modeling. The results below are calculated using Hartree-Fock quantum mechanical modeling. Model frequencies have not been normalized to spectroscopically measured frequencies, resulting in a probable overestimate of fractionation factors—compared for instance with Urey (1947). For consistency, results have been converted from the original format (ln 3) to... 

As these authors point out, the substitution of D20 for H20 substantially reduces nonradiative loss. This effect is probably related to the large changes in vibrational frequency resulting from substitution of hydrogen by deuterium. 

The absorption of ultrasound increases the temperature of the medium. Materials that possess higher ultrasound absorption coefficients, such as bone, experience severe thermal effects as compared to muscle tissue, which has a lower absorption coefficient [5]. The increase in the temperature of the medium upon ultrasound exposure at a given frequency varies directly with the ultrasound intensity and exposure time. The absorption coefficient of a medium increases directly with ultrasound frequency resulting in temperature increase. 

After calculation of the internal loudness-time-pitch representations of the input and output of the audio device the perceived quality of the output signal can be derived from the difference between the internal representations. The density functions Cx(t, z) (loudness density as a function of time and pitch for the input x) and scaled v( l, z) are subtracted to obtain a noise disturbance density function (I, z). This (t, z) is integrated over frequency resulting in a momentary noise disturbance n (t) (see Fig. 1.7)... 

The MnIIIMnIV (superoxidized) state of catalases was further subjected to several x-ray and magnetic resonance studies. The MnIIIMnIV core of L. plari-tarum was probed at three different EPR microwave frequencies, resulting in self-consistent g and A values. In turn, these parameters were used successfully to simulate both the low- and conventional frequency spectra. The EPR parameters agreed well with one another as well as with those of previous studies [88],... 

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