Texture chemical

McCoy, T. J., Dickinson, T. L. and Lofgren, G. E. (1999) Partial melting of the Indarch (EH4) meteorite a textural, chemical, and phase relations view of melting and melt migration. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 34, 735-746. 

Figure 25. TLMs of extrusion texturized chemically modified soy flours (J) control (2)0.1% Na,SO, added (3) 0.2% Na,SO, added (4) 0.1% cysteine-HCl added (5) 0.2% cysteine-HCl added (6) 0.2% NotSO, and 1% SDS added (7) 0.01% KIO, added and (8) 0.05% KIO, added. Note that both NaiSOt and cysteine-HCl can increase the flbrousness of protein matrix but KIOs has the opposite effect. P, protein C, insoluble carbohydrate.

In the least altered CM chondrites, there is textural evidence of alteration in a pre-accretionary environment. However, an asteroidal location appears to have been the prevalent alteration environment for most CM chondrites, which show a number of textural, chemical, and isotopic characteristics that are most consistent with alteration after accretion. Pre-accretionary alteration may have been important for all CM chondrites, but its effects have been overprinted by later parent-body alteration. For the CM chondrites, distinguishing these pre-accretionary effects from asteroidal alteration remains a significant challenge. 

The generally carbon-rich aggregate IDPs (10 15 pm) and cluster IDPs ( 100pm) are in all of their mineralogical, textural, chemical and spectral properties completely different from any of the collected meteorites [86]. These IDPs are solid debris of the very primitive, IR-spectroscopic P- and D-class bodies. The matrix of IDPs is an aggregate of 100nm to 1000nm sized principal components (PCs) ... 

The above consideration lead essentially to a comparison with the model proposed for collagen fiber from rat-tail tendon. In effect, if it is possible to relate the hydration properties to structural or textural chemical differences in the samples, one can hope to explain the collagen-water interaction on a molecular basis. 

The composites formed by type I collagen and hydroxyapatite have been extensively studied and characterized after chemical treatments and extraction from tissue [9]. The crystallization degree, crystaUlte size, texture, chemical substitution and solubility are the most important parameters when characterizing hydroxyapatite, while for type I collagen the analysis of the proteic structure or the variation of some parameters such as enthalpy and denaturation temperature (determined by calorimetry methods) is performed in order to find clues about the thermal stability of molecules [9]. 

The components in catalysts called promoters lack significant catalytic activity tliemselves, but tliey improve a catalyst by making it more active, selective, or stable. A chemical promoter is used in minute amounts (e.g., parts per million) and affects tlie chemistry of tlie catalysis by influencing or being part of tlie catalytic sites. A textural (structural) promoter, on tlie otlier hand, is used in massive amounts and usually plays a role such as stabilization of tlie catalyst, for instance, by reducing tlie tendency of tlie porous material to collapse or sinter and lose internal surface area, which is a mechanism of deactivation. 

High alpha-ceUulose chemical woodpulp paper, machine-made primarily from fast-growiag softwoods, sized usiag alkaline calcium compounds, and loaded with fillers and other additives, constitutes a presumably more stable material. Different types of paper are used for art, manuscripts, documents, books, etc, each having its own properties of color, texture, feel, etc. 

The aroma of fmit, the taste of candy, and the texture of bread are examples of flavor perception. In each case, physical and chemical stmctures ia these foods stimulate receptors ia the nose and mouth. Impulses from these receptors are then processed iato perceptions of flavor by the brain. Attention, emotion, memory, cognition, and other brain functions combine with these perceptions to cause behavior, eg, a sense of pleasure, a memory, an idea, a fantasy, a purchase. These are psychological processes and as such have all the complexities of the human mind. Flavor characterization attempts to define what causes flavor and to determine if human response to flavor can be predicted. The ways ia which simple flavor active substances, flavorants, produce perceptions are described both ia terms of the physiology, ie, transduction, and psychophysics, ie, dose-response relationships, of flavor (1,2). Progress has been made ia understanding how perceptions of simple flavorants are processed iato hedonic behavior, ie, degree of liking, or concept formation, eg, crispy or umami (savory) (3,4). However, it is unclear how complex mixtures of flavorants are perceived or what behavior they cause. Flavor characterization involves the chemical measurement of iadividual flavorants and the use of sensory tests to determine their impact on behavior. 

Flavor has been defined as a memory and an experience (1). These definitions have always included as part of the explanation at least two phenomena, ie, taste and smell (2). It is suggested that in defining flavor too much emphasis is put on the olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) aspects (3), and that vision, hearing, and tactile senses also contribute to the total flavor impression. Flavor is viewed as a division between physical sense, eg, appearance, texture, and consistency, and chemical sense, ie, smell, taste, and feeling (4). The Society of Flavor Chemists, Inc, defines flavor as "the sum total of those characteristics of any material taken in the mouth, perceived principally by the senses of taste and smell and also the general senses of pain and tactile receptors in the mouth, as perceived by the brain" (5). 

Coercivity of Thin-Film Media. The coercivity ia a magnetic material is an important parameter for appHcations but it is difficult to understand its physical background. It can be varied from nearly zero to more than 2000 kA/m ia a variety of materials. For thin-film recording media, values of more than 250 kA / m have been reported. First of all the coercivity is an extrinsic parameter and is strongly iafluenced by the microstmctural properties of the layer such as crystal size and shape, composition, and texture. These properties are directly related to the preparation conditions. Material choice and chemical inborn ogeneties are responsible for the Af of a material and this is also an influencing parameter of the final In crystalline material, the crystalline anisotropy field plays an important role. It is difficult to discriminate between all these parameters and to understand the coercivity origin ia the different thin-film materials ia detail. 

Polymers. Ion implantation of polymers has resulted in substantial increases of electrical conductivity (140), surface hardness (141), and surface texturing (142). A four to five order of magnitude increase in the conductivity of polymers after implantation with 2 MeV Ar ions at dose levels ranging from 10 -10 ions/cm has been observed (140). The hardness of polycarbonate was increased to that of steel (141) when using 1 MeV Ar at dose levels between 10 -10 ions/cm. Conductivity, oxidation, and chemical resistance were also improved. Improvements in the adhesion of metallizations to Kapton and Teflon after implantation with argon has been noted (142). 

The chemical and physical properties of limestone vary tremendously, owing to the nature and quantity of impurities present and the texture, ie, crystallinity and density. These same factors also exert a marked effect on the properties of the limes derived from the diverse stone types. In addition, calcination and hydration practices can profoundly influence the properties of lime. 

Paper (qv) is a material of tremendous versatility and utility, prepared from a renewable resource. It may be made soft or stiff, dense or porous, absorbent or water repellent, textured or smooth. Some of the versatility originates with the fibers, which may vary from short and supple to long and stiff, but the contribution of chemicals should not be underestimated (see Papermaking materials and additives). 

Acoustic Wave Sensors. Another emerging physical transduction technique involves the use of acoustic waves to detect the accumulation of species in or on a chemically sensitive film. This technique originated with the use of quartz resonators excited into thickness-shear resonance to monitor vacuum deposition of metals (11). The device is operated in an oscillator configuration. Changes in resonant frequency are simply related to the areal mass density accumulated on the crystal face. These sensors, often referred to as quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), have been coated with chemically sensitive films to produce gas and vapor detectors (12), and have been operated in solution as Hquid-phase microbalances (13). A dual QCM that has one smooth surface and one textured surface can be used to measure both the density and viscosity of many Hquids in real time (14). 

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