Texas, sulfur

Duval Texas Sulfur diversified into potash production, which became its maj or business. In 195 0, the name of the company was changed to Duval Sulfur Potash to reflect the changing portfolio. In 1959, it also began producing copper and molybdenum. In 1953, United Gas and Pennzoil merged, and the semi-independent business became Duval Corporation ten years later. The Frasch mine at Culberson, TX, opened by Duval in 1969, was the second last Frasch mine to close (then owned by Freeport) in the U.S. in 1999. The sulfur removed from this single mine was valued at over 600 million. The name Duval disappeared in... 

Table 4.5a. Frasch company summary - Duval Texas Sulfur. Production from 1932 to 1951 in tonnes...

While the name Gulf confused the situation of the early history of Freeport Sulfur and Texas Gulf Sulfur, a similar situation arose between Duval Texas Sulfur and Jefferson Lake Sulfur. The word eausing the confusion this time was the corporate use of United. In 1930, the United Gas Corporation had beeome the largest investor in Duval Sulfur five years earlier, the unrelated United Oil Gas Syndicate had been formed and would eventually become known as Jefferson Lake Sulfur ... 

From the late 1940 s until 1964, the president of the company was Eugene H. Walet Jr. (1901 - 1968). In 1955, Jefferson Lake Sulfur and Socony Mobil Oil opened a sour gas plant at Manderson, WY. By the later 1950 s, Jefferson Lake had also entered the recovered sulfur business in Canada. They were partners with Mobil Oil in the sour gas plant in Balzac, AB (outside of Calgary). The last Frasch mine opened by Jefferson Lake (Long Point, TX) was closed in 1982. Production during the Depression is presented in Table 4.6a and the major Frasch mines of Duval Texas Sulfur are listed in Table 4.6b. 

Sulexco reformed in June 1958. The new group included Freeport Sulfur, Texas Gulf Sulfur, Jefferson Lake Sulfur and Duval Texas Sulfur, and handled all exports outside of North America. Their new offices were situated at 375 Paik Avenue in New York City. The first president of the new Sulexco was Peter Black of Freeport Sulfur, until 1962 when Paul W. Douglas of Freeport Sulfur took the job. He was followed by Ernest A. Graupner (1908 - 1981), who had worked for Texas Gulf Sulfur, in 1966 until 1973. 

The H2S formed can react with the sulfates or rock to form sulfur i (Equation 8.2) that remains in suspension as in the case of crude from Goldsmith, Texas, USA, or that, under the conditions of pressure, temperature I and period of formation of the reservoir, can react with the hydrocarbons to give sulfur compounds ... 

Free sulfur is rarely present in crude oils, but it can be found in suspension or dissolved in the liquid. The crude from Goldsmith (Texas, USA.) is richest in free sulfur (1% by weight for a total sulfur content of 2.17%). It could be produced by compounds in the reservoir rock by sulfate reduction (reaction 8.2). 

North America.. In the United States, lignite deposits are located in the northern Great Plains and in the Gulf states. Subbituminous coal is found along the Rocky Mountains. The western half of North Dakota has about 74% of the nation s resources, Montana 23%, Texas 2%, and Alabama and South Dakota about 0.5% each. The lignite resources to 914 m represent 28% of the total toimage of all coal deposits in the United States. The lower cost and low sulfur content have contributed to rapid growth in production. 

Production. Sulfolane is produced domestically by the Phillips Chemical Company (Borger, Texas). Industrially, sulfolane is synthesized by hydrogenating 3-sulfolene [77-79-2] (2,5-dihydrothiophene-l,1-dioxide) (2), the reaction product of butadiene and sulfur dioxide ... 

Evaporite Basin Sulfur Deposits. Elemental sulfur occurs in another type of subsurface deposit similar to the salt-dome stmctures in that the sulfur is associated with anhydrite or gypsum. The deposits are sedimentary, however, and occur in huge evaporite basins. It is befleved that the sulfur in these deposits, like that in the Gulf Coast salt domes, was derived by hydrocarbon reduction of the sulfate material and assisted by anaerobic bacteria. The sulfur deposits in Italy (Sicily), Poland, Iraq, the CIS, and the United States (western Texas) are included in this category. 

Neither of these processes has been commercialized, although some aspects of the methodology were incorporated into a plant operated for a short time by the Elcor Company (31). This company, which operated briefly in western Texas in 1968 using natural gypsum, is the only one known to have commercially attempted to recover elemental sulfur from this material by a two-step thermal process. The Elcor plant was shut down shortly after it began operation. Although most technical problems were said to have been solved, production costs were prohibitive. 

Atomic masses calculated in this manner, using data obtained with a mass spectrometer can in principle be precise to seven or eight significant figures. The accuracy of tabulated atomic masses is limited mostly by variations in natural abundances. Sulfur is an interesting case in point. It consists largely of two isotopes, fiS and fgS. The abundance of sulfur-34 varies from about 4.18% in sulfur deposits in Texas and Louisiana to 4.34% in volcanic sulfur from Italy. This leads to an uncertainty of 0.006 amu in the atomic mass of sulfur. 

The authors wish to express their appreciation for the grants-in-aid made by the Texas Gulf Sulphur Company in the early stages of this work, without which it could not have been undertaken. The authors are also indebted to J. T. Middleton for the samples of muskmelon leaves. The radioactive sulfur 35 as H2S 04 was obtained from the Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn., and subsequently processed by Tracerlab, Boston, Mass. 

Texas Permian Basin, enhanced oil recovery in, 18 615—617 sulfur deposits in, 23 570 Textile applications, sodium dithionite in, 23 676... 

Crade oil is a complex mixture that is between 50 and 95% hydrocarbon by weight. Table 1.5 shows the average elemental composition of crade oil. The oil industry classifies crade by its production location (e g., West Texas Intermediate, wn or Brent ), relative density (API gravity), viscosity ( light, intermediate, or heavy ), and sulfur content ( sweet for low sulfur, and soui for high sulfur). Additional classification is due to conventional and non-conventional oil as shown in Table 1.6. 

A dramatic departure of ozone measurements from total oxidant measurements has b Mi reported for the Houston, Texas, area. Side-by-side measurements suggested that either method was a poor predictor of the other. Consideration was given to known interferences due to oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide, and the deviations still could not be accounted for. In the worst case, the ozone measurements exceeded the national ambient air quality standard for 3 h, and the potassium iodide instrument read less than 15 ppb for the 24-h period. Sulfur dioxide was measured at 0.01-0.04 ppm throughout the day. Even for a 1 1 molar influence of sulfur dioxide, this could not explain the low oxidant values. Regression analysis was carried out to support the conclusion that the ozone concentration is often much higher than the nonozone oxidant concentration. 

Sulfur has been known since ancient times primarily because it is a rather common substance. It is the 15th most common element in the universe, and though it is not found in all regions of the Earth, there are signiflcant deposits in south Texas and Louisiana, as well in all volcanoes. Sulfur makes up about 1% of the Earth s crust. 

Sulfur is found in Sicily, Canada, Central Europe, and the Arabian oil states, as well as in the southern United States in Texas and Louisiana and offshore beneath the Gulf of Mexico. 

Approximately 73% of all North American sodium sulfate is obtained directly from natural salt sources in Searles Lake, California and in Texas, Mexico, and Canada. Miscellaneous methods of manufacture account for smaller percentages. This includes 5% as a by-product in the production of viscose rayon, where sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are used to degrade the cellulose. Sodium dichromate manufacture gives another 6% of sodium sulfate as a by-product. 

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