502 oxidation values

Table M.2. Table M.l after Goal Seek has found the intercept. It is 773.2 K (cells A14 and J30), 94.2% SO2 oxidized (cells FI 1 and 139). This result is the same as that obtained by interpolating Table 15.1 s temperature-%502 oxidized values. 

Demand for Caustic Soda Types. Approximately 99% of the sodium hydroxide produced in 1987 was 50% caustic solution (5). Higher concentrations require additional evaporation and therefore increased prices relative to the sodium oxide values. To obtain maximum value, users have learned to adapt manufacturing processes to the 50% caustic soda. 

The stress of oxidized PS layers is always compressive. For porous oxides, values below 108 N nT2 are reported [Ba5], which is nearly one order of magnitude smaller than values of intrinsic stress generated by low-temperature thermal oxidation of bulk silicon. The compressive stress in OPS has successfully been used to lift up released mesoporous films and thereby fabricate 3D microstructures [La9],... 

A dramatic departure of ozone measurements from total oxidant measurements has b Mi reported for the Houston, Texas, area. Side-by-side measurements suggested that either method was a poor predictor of the other. Consideration was given to known interferences due to oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide, and the deviations still could not be accounted for. In the worst case, the ozone measurements exceeded the national ambient air quality standard for 3 h, and the potassium iodide instrument read less than 15 ppb for the 24-h period. Sulfur dioxide was measured at 0.01-0.04 ppm throughout the day. Even for a 1 1 molar influence of sulfur dioxide, this could not explain the low oxidant values. Regression analysis was carried out to support the conclusion that the ozone concentration is often much higher than the nonozone oxidant concentration. 

Table 4.7 Migration enthalpy in alkali halides and simple oxides. Values in eV. Data from Barr and Liliard (1971) (1) and Greenwood (1970) (2).

Autoxidation of Chloroprene. The oxidation was autocatalytic and up to about 5 mole % oxidation—i.e., 5 moles of oxygen absorbed per 100 moles of chloroprene initially present—the quantity (mole % oxidation)172 was a linear function of time, as observed by Kern (10). Beyond this extent the oxidation continued at a rather greater rate than given by this relation and was still accelerating at 25 mole % oxidation. Values of K in the expression... 

Figure 15. Comparison of radical signals (see Figure 13) and missing oxidant values from the Scotia Range, Pennsylvania, study, summer 1988 (130).

The same model has been used to fit the data obtained for the reactions of azurin, Az(Cu(I)) and Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin, St(Cu(I)), with Cr(III)(phen)3 and Ru(II)(bpy)3 oxidants. Values of the rate constants kt and stability constants K and K2 of the 1 1 and 2 1 complexes that have been extracted from the analyses are given in Table 2. 

A new heatup path is then calculated as described in Section 11.11. The result is a path nearly parallel to the 690 K path 30 K cooler at all % S02 oxidized values, Fig. 11.6. 

Fig. 11.7. Heatup paths and equilibrium curve for 10 volume% SO2, 11 volume% 02, 79 volume% N2 feed gas. Notably, the 660 K heatup path will reach the equilibrium curve at a higher % S02 oxidized value than the 690 K heatup path. 660 K is about the lowest feed gas temperature that will keep V, alkali metal, S, 0, Si02 catalyst active and S02 oxidation rapid, Table 8.1.

High intercept % S02 oxidized values are equivalent to efficient S03 production. They give efficient H2S04 production and low S02 emission. They are obtained by using cool feed gas - but warm enough (>660 K) for rapid catalytic oxidation. 

Table 17.2. Comparison of 1st catalyst bed intercept temperature and % S02 oxidized values with 0 and 0.2 volume% S03 in feed gas. Intercept % S02 oxidized is slightly smaller with S03 than without S03. This is because the pre-existing S03 prevents S0j+ /202 —> S03 oxidation from going quite as far to the right.

Table 18.3. Comparison of intercept % S02 oxidized values for feed gas containing 0 and 0.2 volume% S03. The difference after 3 beds is very small. The lsl catalyst bed feed gas contains 9.8 volume% S02, 11 volume% 02, the specified amount of S03, remainder N2. Gas pressure is 1.2 bar in all beds. Gas input temperature is 690 K, all beds.

Fig. 18.3. Heatup paths and intercepts for 0 and 10 volume% C02 1st catalyst bed feed gas. C02 heatup paths are steeper than non C02 heatup paths because C02 heat capacity > N2 heat capacity, Appendix G. The steeper paths give higher intercept % S02 oxidized values in each catalyst bed.

Fig. 18.9. Intercept % SO2 oxidized values as a function of catalyst bed gas input temperature. S02 oxidation efficiency is seen to increase with decreasing input gas temperature.

A suggested equilibrium curve intercept % S02 oxidized value is entered in cell FI 1 (perhaps 69% from Table 12.1). 

Steps 3 and 4 automatically calculate the equilibrium curve temperature (cell A14) equivalent to the % S02 oxidized value in cell FI 1. The cell A14 temperature is automatically copied into cell J30. This links the equilibrium curve and heatup path calculations. 

Eqn. (10.1) is entered in cell 139. This automatically uses the step 7 results to calculate the heatup path % S02 oxidized value equivalent to ... 

Table M.l. Worksheet for determining 2nd catalyst bed heatup path-equilibrium curve intercept. The non-zero equilibrium curve % S02 oxidized - heatup path % S02 oxidized value in cell G47 indicates that cell FI l s suggested 94% S02 oxidized is not the intercept value. The actual intercept value is calculated in Table M.2. 

While there appears to be some agreement between the observed and theoretical iron oxide solids settling velocities, the observed silicon oxide values appear to be several times greater than expected. This difference in behavior of the silicon oxide and iron oxide slurries cannot be accounted for by density effects. Since the ratio of the density of iron oxide and silica is 2.ll+, the predicted VgT for an iron oxide would be 3.8 times greater than for silica, Further work is needed to determine the critical characteristics of a solid that are important in governing its settling velocity. 

When ferrocenyl groups are linked together without insulating bridges, one oxidation wave per iron atom is observed. Thus, l,l -terferrocene 5 and l,l -quaterferrocene 6 show three and four oxidation waves, respectively (72). Increasing the chain length leads to a more facile first oxidation [ values of 0.40 V for ferrocene, 0.31 V for 1 (M = Fe), 0.22 V for 5, and 0.16 V for 6], and smaller separations between the first two values [A values of 0.34 V for 1 (M = Fe), 0.22 V for 5, and 0.20 V for 6], consistent with electronic delocalization between metal centers despite their formally trapped valences. 

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