Test unit

Top left Complete testing station comprising testing unit,... 

Normalised fiber mechanical properties are expressed in terms of unit linear density. For example, in describing the action of a load on a fiber in a tensile test, units of N/tex or gram force per denier (gpd) are generally used. If this is done, the term tenacity should be used in place of stress. The tme units of stress are force per unit cross-sectional area, and the term stress should be reserved for those instances where the proper units are used. 

A test unit has been developed of a small dmm filter, total filter area of 0.7 m with 30% submergence, housed in a large horizontal pressure vessel. 

Effectiveness of these EP oils can be evaluated by a number of laboratory test units such as those shown in Figure 4. While the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures describe a number of standard test procedures (10), the operating conditions and test specimen materials should be chosen to simulate as nearly as possible those in an appHcation. 

Each test unit contains all the reagents and reactants necessary to perform assays. 

Investigators of tower packings normally report kcCi values measured at very low inlet-gas concentrations, so that yBM = 1, and at total pressures close to 100 kPa (1 atm). Thus, the correct rate coefficient For use in packed-tower designs involving the use of the driving force y — y /yBM is obtained by multiplying the reported k co values oy the value of pf employed in the actual test unit (e.g., 100 kPa) and not the total pressure of the system to be designed. 

The above drying curves have been generated via testing on a plate-diyer simulator. The test unit duphcates the physical setup of the production diyer, therefore linear scale-up from the test data can be made to the full-scale diyer. Because of the thin product layer on each plate, diying in the unit closely follows the norm diying cui ve... 

Figure 2.3.1 (Wachtel, et al, 1972) shows the ARCO reactor that tried to simulate the real reaction conditions in a fluid cracking unit. This was a formal scale-down where many important similarities had to be sacrificed to get a workable unit. This unit was still too large for a laboratory study or test unit, but instead was pilot-plant equipment that could still give useful empirical results Since this serves a very large industry, it may pay off to try it, even if it costs a lot to operate.

Tests according to Bhasin s recommended experiments were executed at the laboratory of Berty Reaction Engineers, Ltd. on a test unit built for an export order. (The test unit was shown in Figure 4.4.1.) Results of this study were reported by Berty et al, (1989) and are reproduced here in the table on Figure 5.1.2. 

Cyclic Test Unit Filter Evaluations", Report to Future Fuels Inc., Oct. 1987, Alcohol Energy Systems, California. 

World s first nuclear submarine, Nnutilus, is tested (United States). 

The separating ability of most units is limited to 5-micron particles. However, some will take out 1 to 5p particles at a sacrifice in collection efficiency. Due to the peculiarities of each system as well as the equipment available to perform the separation, it is well to consult manufacturers regarding expected performance. Quite often they will want to run test units, particularly on difficult separations. References [12,13] give good descriptions of... 

Geometric similarity is often considered the most important feature to establishing similarity in mixing, basing the scaled-up larger unit on the smaller initial model or test unit. 

Example 5-1 Scale-up from Small Test Unit [32], See Figure 5-34... 

The test unit shall be loaded to the maximum rated load. After this load has been released, the unit shall be checked for useful functions. The useful function of all equipment parts shall not be impaired by this loading. 

Strain gages may be applied to the test unit at all points where high stresses are anticipated, provided that the configuration of the units permits such techniques. The use of finite element analysis, models, brittle lacquer, etc., is recommended to confirm the proper location of strain gages. Three-element strain gages are recommended in critical areas to permit determination of the shear stresses and to eliminate the need for exact orientation of the gages. 

The maximum test load to be applied to the test unit shall be 0.80 x R x SFp, but not less than 2R. Where R equals the calculated load rating in tons, SFp is design safety factor. 

The unit shall be loaded to the maximum test load carefully, reading strain gage values and observing for yielding. The test unit may be loaded as many times as necessary to obtain adequate test data. 

Load Testing Apparatus. The load apparatus used to simulate the working load on the test unit shall be calibrated in accordance with ASTM E-4 Standard Methods of Verification of Testing Machines, so as to assure that the prescribed test load is obtained. 

Pyrogens the endotoxins responsible forfebrile reaction on injection, determined either by the rabbit test or the LAL test. Units are Endotoxin unit/ml (EU/ml). 

Cooling water test units incorporating heat transfer surfaces... 

Rare Earth Stabilized Zirconia Matrix Bricks in The Pilot Test Unit (PTU) at AEDC , Report No AEDC-TR-72-161, Contract F40600-73-C-0004 (Nov 1972) 49) A.D. Kirshenbaum et al,... 

A slight toxic effect ( toxic defined as negative effects on health, growth, and reproduction) of the treated receiving water on the green alga Spiropyra species as a typical representative of the P-mesosaprobic zone was observed, when the test unit was subjected to the impact of 40 ppm secondary alkanesulfonates. 

Fig. 4. Schematic of laboratory-scale test unit used for HBr feed contaminant studies.

The effluent from the disinfection step was flowed through a polysulfone spiral wound NF Pilot Plant with 0.7 m of membrane (DSS TEST UNIT M20-0,72-PSO, ALFA-LAVAL) working at room temperature and at 20 bar operation pressure. 

GL 19] [R 9] [P 20] Both the kinetic constant and the activation energy were lower for a micro-reactor test unit than for a batch reactor (micro/batch 15323 =... 

Lab Test Units Sex Low Age High Age Low Normal High Normal... 

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