United States urine test

Alcohol. The number of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUl) cases reflects the enormity of the dmnken driving problem in the United States (9). Tests to measure blood alcohol concentration are conducted on blood, urine, or breath (10). In the case of urine and breath, the alcohol concentration measured is reported in terms of the equivalent blood alcohol concentration. Most states in the United States presume that a person is under the influence of alcohol with respect to driving a motor vehicle at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10%, ie, an ethanol concentration >10 g/100 mL of blood. Some states maintain a lower necessary concentration of 0.08%. In some European countries levels are as low as 0.05%. A blood alcohol concentration of 0.10% in a 68-kg (150-lb) person is the equivalent of about four drinks of 80 proof alcohoHc beverage or four 340-g (12-oz) beers in the body at the time of the test (see Beer Beverage spirits, distilled Wine). Ethanol is metabolized at the equivalent rate of about one drink per hour. 

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, Division of Workplace Programs. Drug Testing—Urine Drug Testing. Available online. 

Presently, only piroxicam [peer OX i kam] is available in the United States. Other members of this group are being tested and may become available. Its mechanism of action has not been established, but piroxicam is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. Its mean half-life of 50 hours permits administration once a day. Gl disturbances are encountered in approximately 20% of patients. The drug and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. Piroxicam can interfere with the renal excretion of lithium. 

The consumption of Peruvian coca tea, which is not legally imported into the United States, may result in a positive urine test for benzoylecgonine. ... 

In the United States, about 30 urine or serum point-of-care CG tests and 25 home tests are available. The FDA web site lists the products under device codes LCX, DHA, JHI, JHJ, and LFS. 

The UBT is based on HP urease activity. The carbon (nonradioac-tive isotope) and " carbon (radioactive isotope) tests require that the patient ingest radiolabeled urea, which is then hydrolyzed by HP (if present in the stomach) to ammonia and radiolabeled bicarbonate. The radiolabeled bicarbonate is absorbed in the blood and excreted in the breath. A mass spectrometer is used to detect carbon, whereas " carbon is measured using a scintillation counter. The stool antigen test is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but availability in the United States is limited. It is less expensive and easier to perform than the UBT, and may be useful in children. Although comparable to the UBT in the initial detection of HP, the stool antigen test is less accurate when used to confirm HP eradication posttreatment. Salivary and urine antibody tests are under investigation. ... 

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