Ternary liquid systems

Wohl, K. Trans. Amer. Inst. Chem. Eng. 42 (1946) 215. Thermodynamic evaluation of binary and ternary liquid systems. 

Surface of vaporization the constant T for a ternary liquid system A + B + C with an azeotrope M. 

Perkins, L. R. and Geankoplis, C. J., Molecular Diffusion in a Ternary Liquid System with the Diffusing Component Dilute, Chem. Eng. Sci., 24, 1035-1042 (1969). 

K. Wohl Thermodynamic Evaluation of Binary and Ternary Liquid Systems, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 42 215 (1946). 

Figure 6-16. Surface of binodals of a ternary liquid system with a two-phase region, CC5C, Connecting line for critical points AA2C5B, quasibinary line (cloud curve) (R. Koningsveld).

MUTUAL SOLUBILITY IN TERNARY LIQUID SYSTEMS CONTAINING FORMAMIDE AND ACETONE. 

Figure 2.16 Mass phase diagram of the ternary liquid system made of sodium diethylhexyl sulfosuosinate (AOT), heptane and water (25°C). This stem presents a vast L2 (see Figure 2.14) area. The LI area is lenticular. The dotted area is a viscous, birefiingent and milky area, probably a suspension of liquid crystal in L2 phase, redrawn from [36].

Unfortunately, the activity-coefficient equations cannot conveniently be made explicit in terms of x, and the location of the constant activity curves on the triangular diagram is possible only by a lengthy series of interpolations. Location of the triple intersection points becomes an even more difficult trial-and-error procedure. While this can be done, for practical purposes use of the ternary activity-coefficient equations is ordinarily limited to cases where the solubility curve of the ternary liquid system is known. For such a situation, the calculations become relatively simple, since it is then merely necessary to compute activities of C along the solubility curve and to join equal values on opposite sides of the curve by the tie lines. 

McKetta "Survey of Solubility Diagrams for Ternary and Quarternary Liquid Systems," Bureau of Engineering Research, Special Publ. Nr. 30, University of Texas, Austin, 1959. 

Figure 4-18. Calculated distribution for ternary liquid-liquid systems show good agreement with experiment except very near the plait point.

We consider three types of m-component liquid-liquid systems. Each system requires slightly different data reduction and different quantities of ternary data. Figure 20 shows quarternary examples of each type. 

Xia Y. et al., 2000. Ternary-column system for high-throughput direct-injection bioanalysis by liquid chroma-tography/tadem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14 105. 

A wide variety of data for mean ionic activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, vapor pressure depression, and vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary and ternary electrolyte systems have been correlated successfully by the local composition model. Some results are shown in Table 1 to Table 10 and Figure 3 to Figure 7. In each case, the chemical equilibrium between the species has been ignored. That is, complete dissociation of strong electrolytes has been assumed. This assumption is not required by the local composition model but has been made here in order to simplify the systems treated. 

Another type of ternary electrolyte system consists of two solvents and one salt, such as methanol-water-NaBr. Vapor-liquid equilibrium of such mixed solvent electrolyte systems has never been studied with a thermodynamic model that takes into account the presence of salts explicitly. However, it should be recognized that the interaction parameters of solvent-salt binary systems are functions of the mixed solvent dielectric constant since the ion-molecular electrostatic interaction energies, gma and gmc, depend on the reciprocal of the dielectric constant of the solvent (Robinson and Stokes, (13)). Pure component parameters, such as gmm and gca, are not functions of dielectric constant. Results of data correlation on vapor-liquid equilibrium of methanol-water-NaBr and methanol-water-LiCl at 298.15°K are shown in Tables 9 and 10. 

Two activity coefficient models have been developed for vapor-liquid equilibrium of electrolyte systems. The first model is an extension of the Pitzer equation and is applicable to aqueous electrolyte systems containing any number of molecular and ionic solutes. The validity of the model has been shown by data correlation studies on three aqueous electrolyte systems of industrial interest. The second model is based on the local composition concept and is designed to be applicable to all kinds of electrolyte systems. Preliminary data correlation results on many binary and ternary electrolyte systems suggest the validity of the local composition model. 

Fig. 10.1 Different types of liquid-liquid systems, (a), (b) Solubility as function of temperature for binary systems (c), (d) ternary systems. (Dashed lines are examples of tie lines, which connect the two phases in equilibrium located at the binodal.)...

Structurally related compounds demonstrate different extraction behaviours in a ternary liquid-liquid extraction system composed of methylene chloride, chloroform and methyl ter/.-butyl ether. In investigations for finding proper internal standards, one should take into account the extraction liquid used for extraction of both analyte and internal standard. 

Diphasic liquid systems used in CCC may have a wide variety of polarities. The most polar systems are the ATPS made by two aqueous-liquid phases, one containing a polymer, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG), the other one being a salt solution, for example, sodium hydrogen phosphate. The less polar systems do not contain water there can be two-solvent systems, such as heptane/acetonitrile or dimethylsulfoxide/hexane systems or mixtures of three or more solvents. Intermediate polarity systems are countless since any proportion of three or more solvents can be mixed. Ternary phase diagrams are used when three solvents are mixed together. 

IL viscosity is extremely sensitive to additives [5]. Mixtures of IL and compatible solvents and water may produce biphasic liquid systems usable in CCC. The short-chain alcohol-[C4CiIm][PFg]-water and acetonitrile-[C4CiIm][PFJ-water ternary phase diagrams have been studied [7]. Alcohols were found to have a tendency to dissolve preferentially in the aqueous upper phase producing an IL lower phase of limited volume and high viscosity [7]. Acetonitrile partitions well between the upper aqueous phase and the lower IL phase, greatly reducing the viscosity of the IL-rich lower phase. 

There are numerous properties of materials which can be used as measures of composition, e.g. preferential adsorption of components (as in chromatography), absorption of electromagnetic waves (infra-red, ultra-violet, etc.), refractive index, pH, density, etc. In many cases, however, the property will not give a unique result if there are more than two components, e.g. there may be a number of different compositions of a particular ternary liquid mixture which will have the same refractive index or will exhibit the same infra-red radiation absorption characteristics. Other difficulties can make a particular physical property unsuitable as a measure of composition for a particular system, e.g. the dielectric constant cannot be used if water is present as the dielectric constant of water is very much greater than that of most other liquids. Instruments containing optical systems (e.g. refractometers) and/or electromechanical feedback systems (e.g. some infra-red analysers) can be sensitive to mechanical vibration. In cases where it is not practicable to measure composition directly, then indirect or inferential means of obtaining a measurement which itself is a function of composition may be employed (e.g. the use of boiling temperature in a distillation column as a measure of the liquid composition—see Section 7.3.1). 

A ternary liquid-liquid system for partition chromatography is prepared from a mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, ethanol and water (34 5 1). The less polar upper layer is used as the stationary phase. A diatomaceous material, Hyflow Super Cel (particle size, 7-11 jam), is used as the solid support. The columns (40 cm X 4 mm I.D.) are packed by the slurry technique, and the support material is coated in situ with the liquid stationary phase as described earlier [54]. A pre-column is inserted in order to maintain equilibrium between... 

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