Ternary metal composite electrodes

For the third process, conducting polymers and metal oxides can be simultaneously deposited onto carbonaceous scaffolds by using CNTs or graphene as frameworks during chemical process or electrodes in the electrochemical procedure. This is similar to the one-pot synthesis of binary composites. Besides sequential compositing, ternary composites can also be fabricated by a one-step electrochemiccd deposition to reach desirable porous architectures due to its simplicity and reliability. It was proposed to prepare unique PPy/reduced GO/CNT ternary composites, where reduced GO, CNT, and PPy were electro-deposited simultaneously to construct a three-dimensionally highly porous film electrode (Dingetal., 2012). 

Exchange reactions occur not only between a pnire A metal and alloy AxBq.x) but also between alloys of different compositions, if the activities aa of them are very different. This phenomenon is very pronounced in the liquid ternary system In-Sn-Sb (Vassiliev, 1998). Table 4 shows that the attraction between atoms In and Sb is greater than between In and Sn or between Sn and Sb. Accordingly, the tin atoms of the ternary alloy are very free, and exchange reactions between electrodes of different compositions of alloys, with indium, occur easily. 

Sony Corporation commercialized the Sn-Co-C composite. With the help of Dahn s group, much has been uncovered concerning this series of alloys or composites. In this alloy, Co is a logical choice for the transition metal (TM) in Sn-TM-C ternary negative electrode materials due to the absence of stable Co carbides. This feature, combined with the absence of stable Sn carbides, leads to the structural interpretation of Sn-Co-C as Co-Sn grains surrounded by a disordered carbon matrix. As shown in Figure 8.19, the... 

The results reported confirm that tin or silicon composite configuration is the correct approach in bringing the related lithium alloy electrodes to the commercial stage. In fact, their use is now seriously considered by battery manufacturers. For example, the Sn-C-Co ternary composite is presently used by a Japanese manufacturer to produce a battery under the commercial name of Nexelion. The characteristics and properties of metal alloy anodes are summarised in Table 3.1. 

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