Teratogenicity antibiotics

Cycioheptamycin - peptide antibiotic Amino acid is toxic and teratogenic... 

Segment 11 teratogenicity study. This concentrates on the most sensitive part of gestation, from the time of implantation imtil major organogenesis is complete. This is the period during which a test substance is most likely to cause malformation of the embryo. Exposure of the mother to the test substance is usually confined to this period. Conventionally, the study is conducted in rats and rabbits. Rabbits are intolerant to antibiotics and the mouse is an acceptable alternative in most cases. 

Actinomycin D is a complex chemical compound produced by the Streptomyces species of fungus and is used as an antibiotic. It is a well-established and potent teratogen and is also suspected of being carcinogenic. 

Patulin-producing strains are widespread as contaminants in food. Patulin has been found in mouldy bread, fermented sausage, commercial apple juice and animal food. The compound inhibits the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria however, it cannot be used as an antibiotic, for its has been shown that patulin is very toxic and teratogenic. The molecular basis for the toxicity is still unknown. 

Pregnancy All antibiotics cross the placenta. Adverse effects to the fetus are rare, except for tooth dysplasia and inhibition of bone growth encountered with the tetracyclines. However, some anthelmintics are embryotoxic and teratogenic (p. 359). Aminoglycosides should be avoided in pregnancy because of their ototoxic effect in the fetus. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intracerebral, parenteral, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic via intravenous route. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, Na20, and SOx. An antibiotic. See other penicillin entries. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic and teratogenic data. Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. Human mutation data reported. Experimental reproductive effects. Used as an antibiotic, pharmaceutical, and veterinary" drug. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CL. 

C. Delavirdine Drug interactions are a major problem with delavirdine, which is metabolized by both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Its blood levels are decreased by antacids, ddl. phenytoin. rifampin, and nelfinavir. Conversely, the blood levels of delavirdine are increased by azole anti-fiingals and macrolide antibiotics. Delavirdine increases plasma levels of several benzodiazepines, nifedipine, protea.se inhibitors, quinidine, and warfarin. Delavirdine causes skin rash in up to 20% of patients, and the drug should be avoided in pregnancy since it is teratogenic in animals. 

All vinca alkaloids are severe vesicants that can induce necrosis, cellulitis, and/or thrombophlebitis. Proper needle placement before administration should be assured to eliminate the risk of extravasation. Unlike the tissue damage caused by the vesicant action of nitrogen mustards and antibiotic antineoplastics, cold exacerbates tissue destruction. If extravasation occurs, apply heat for 1 hour fours time a day for 3 to 5 days, coupled with local hyaluronidase injections. Vinca alkaloids are all Category D teratogens and are fatal if administered by the intrathecal route. 

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