Temperature-volume correction

Temperature- volume correction ASTM D-1250 Allows the conversion of volumes of asphalts from one temperature to another. See also ASTM DA311. 

Temperature—Volume Correction (ASTMD1250). Tables are provided to allow the conversion of volumes of asphaltic materials from one temperature to another or, as generally used, to adjust volumes to a temperature of 15.6 °C, the standard basis of measurement in the United States. 

The nth virial coefficient = < is independent of the temperature. It is tempting to assume that the pressure of hard spheres in tln-ee dimensions is given by a similar expression, with d replaced by the excluded volume b, but this is clearly an approximation as shown by our previous discussion of the virial series for hard spheres. This is the excluded volume correction used in van der Waals equation, which is discussed next. Other ID models have been solved exactly in [14, 15 and 16]. ... 

The simplest calibration procedure for a gas flow-measuring device is to connect it in series with a reference meter and allow the same flow to pass th tough both instruments. This requires a reference instrument of better metrological quality than the calibrated instrument. One fact to consider when applying this method is that the mass flow rate in the system containing both instruments is constant (assuming no leakage), but the volume flow rate is not. The volume flow rate depends on the fluid density and the density depends on the pressure and the temperature. The correct way to calibrate is to compare either the measured mass... 

Brake horsepower per 1 million ft /day measured at 14.7 psia and suction temperature using 75% overall compressor efficiency is given in Figure 12-68, and a volume correction factor is shown in Figure 12-69. 

Note (0 To minimise the temperature variations between the titrant and the solution and also to obviate volume corrections, the concentration of the titrant is invariably maintained 10-100 times higher than that of the reactant, and... 

The data from the density (specific gravity) test method (ASTM D1298 IP 160) provides a means of identification of a grade of naphtha but is not a guarantee of composition and can only be used to indicate evaluate product composition or quality when used in conjunction with the data from other test methods. Density data are used primarily to convert naphtha volume to a weight basis, a requirement in many of the industries concerned. For the necessary temperature corrections and also for volume corrections, the appropriate sections of the petroleum measurement tables (ASTM D1250 IP 200) are used. 

It is possible to check the calibration of a pipet, flask, or buret. The process involves weighing with a calibrated analytical balance. The volume of water (temperature noted) delivered or contained by the glassware is weighed. Then the analyst converts this weight to volume (using the density of water at the temperature noted), corrects the result to 20°C (the usual temperature of the factory calibration), and compares it to the factory calibration. If the difference is not tolerable, the piece of glassware is either not used for accurate work or a correction factor is applied. It should be pointed out that the thermometers used must be properly calibrated and that the timer used to measure the delivery time for the burets and pipets must also be calibrated. 

Figure 6 7. Value and 95% confidence interval on the volume delivered by a nominal 10.0000-mL pipette, with different corrections applied. Cal. volume calibrated by 10 fill-and-weigh experiments. Temp volume corrected for temperature measured in the laboratory.

Table B1.2.2 Volume Correction for Temperature Correction Factor (Q) (pl/°K)fl...

For all the calculations the parameter ki2 of the classical van der Waals mixing rules was fitted. It can be seen from Table 2 that the volume correction does not give a significant improvement slightly worst results are obtaned with SRK EOS while the PRmod shows a clear improvement at lower temperatures (as in the case of Cholesterol, Progesterone..). 

The gas volume V depends on pressure p and temperature T according to pV = n - R-T (for an ideal gas). Assuming a constant pressure, a temperature T deviating from T0 = 273 K asks for a volume correction factor T/T0, i.e. the volume V at temperature T can be calculated according to ... 

These volumes, corrected (see App. B, formula 5) for temperature, pressure, and aqueous tension, become —... 

Correction for Temperature. — Since the volume varies with the temperature, gas volumes to be comparable must be at the same temperature. This situation is not always possible, hence it is customary to reduce the observed volume by formula (i) to the volume it would occupy if it were to exist at o C., which is the normal or standard temperature. The operation is called reducing to standard temperature, or correcting for temperature. The significance of the law and the correction for temperature will be clearer after the solution of some typical problems. 

Solution. We may solve this problem by multiplying the original volume by a ratio of pressures to correct for the change in pressure, and by a ratio of temperatures to correct for the change in temperature. We must decide for each ratio whether the correction is greater or less than one. 

Solution. The vapor of the substance is stated to occupy the volume 73.2 ml at temperature 30° C and pressure 118 mm Hg. Its volume corrected to standard conditions is seen to be... 

In general, the volume received or delivered is calculated from the observed gauge readings. Corrections are made for any free water and sediment as determined by the gauge of the water level in the tank. The resultant volume is then corrected to the equivalent volume at 15.6°C (60°F) by use of the observed average temperature and the appropriate volume correction table (ASTM D-1250). When necessary, a further correction is made for any suspended water and sediment that may be present in materials such as crude petroleum and heavy fuel oils. 

Soon the excitement to see for the first time graphical representations of computed solvation shells for solvated ions from Monte Carlo simulations [81]. The next step was to go to even more complex systems, like enzymes, proteins, and particularly nucleic acids, A-DNA [82], B-DNA [83], without and with counterions [84] and in solution. The quantum biology community was taken by surprise, but soon accepted the new path as a new but necessary computational standard. I was proud to have forcefully recalled that the correct dictionary of quantum biology must contain terms like temperature, volume and free energy eventually, I was elected president of the International Society of Quantum Biology. 

Construct a plot of volume correction versus volume delivered. The temperature of the water is 20° C and stainless steel weights are used. 

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