Changes in stratospheric ozone

Ozone loss over the Arctic has been less dramatic than that over the Antarctic, mainly because the different distribution of land and sea in the Northern Hemisphere allows for only a weak vortex over the Arctic. There is more mixing of air with that from lower latitudes and temperatures do not become low enough for routine formation of polar stratospheric clouds. In years when the Arctic has been cold enough for cloud formation similar ozone destruction has been observed, but for less prolonged periods than over Antarctica. Trends in ozone over the rest of the globe have been small compared to those of the Antarctic, or even Arctic, and are quantified in section 2.4.1. 

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NAS. 1984. Causes and effects of changes in stratospheric ozone update 1983. Washington DC National Academy of Sciences. 

Chandra, S., Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Temperature Due to the Eruptions of Mt. Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 33-36 (f993). 

National Research Council, Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone Update, 1983, Committee on Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone, Update, 1983, Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1984. 

Changes in stratospheric ozone also impact atmospheric temperatures through three effects. As discussed in Chapter 3, UV absorption by stratospheric... 

Frederick, J.E., R.P. Cebula, and D.F. Heath (1986) Instrument characterization for the detection of long term changes in stratospheric ozone an analysis of the SBUV/2 radiometer. Journal cf Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 3 472-480. 

The critical question, then, revolves on how the validity of these major hypotheses linking fluorocarbon release at the Earth s surface to (global) changes in stratospheric ozone can be established. There are five elements in the case linking CFC release to changes in stratospheric ozone ... 

J.R. Kelly (1986). How might enhanced levels of solar UVB radiation affect marine ecosystems . In J.G. Titus (Ed.), Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Change, United Nations Environment Programme and US Environmental Protection Agency. 

DOC), this will be the main determinant of the biologically effective dose, i.e., the sum of the action spectrum and spectral irradiance. Especially for freshwaters, but also to some extent for coastal areas, DOC is by far the most important determinant of UVR attenuation [6,7] and changes in DOC could be far more important for pelagic animals than predicted changes in stratospheric ozone. 

E. C. DeFabo, F.P. Noonan, J.E. Frederick (1990). Biologically effective doses of sunlight for immune suppression at various latitudes and their relationship to changes in stratospheric ozone. Photochem. Photobiol, 52, 811-817. 

National Research Council (1984). "Causes and Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone Update 1983." National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 

Thomson, B.E. (1986) Is the impact of UV-B radiation on marine zooplankton of any significance , in Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate (ed. J.G. Titus), UNEP-USEPA, pp. 203-209. 

Brasseur, G., Granier, C., and Walters, S. (1990) Future changes in stratospheric ozone and the role of heterogeneous chemistry, Nature 348, 626-628. 

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