Temperature regulation, water-jacketed

As in most jacket-cooled compressors, the cooling acts as a heat sink to stabilize the cylinder dimensionally. The jacket outlet temperature should be around 115 F and be controlled by an automatic temperature regulator if the load or the water inlet temperature are prone to change. 

The descent of the cylinder was centred by the steel collar, and hard chrome steel plates, cut with a slot, could be placed on this collar to stop the piston-head at any point m its descent. The cylinder was held by an iron frame, which rested upon a large concrete bed. It was surrounded by a brass water-jacket, not shown in the figure, for regulating the temperature. 

Temperature programming has also been used in electrophoresis, using a thermostatically regulated circulating water jacket to maintain constant values.28 Temperature effects convective flow through the system, ionization of the analyte, and the viscosity and pH of the buffer solutions.29... 

Visible spectrophotometer (preferably double beam) water-jacketed absorption cell containing solid I2 and air or N2 (see text and Fig. 4) water thermostat with adjustable temperature regulator and circulating pump plastic tubing to coimect circulating pump with wateijacket of absorption cell calibrated thermocouple and associated instrumentation (see Chapter XVII). 

Figure 1 is a schematic of one of the two supercritical flow reactors used in this work. The system is first brought up to the operating pressure by an air compressor. An HPLC pump forces the reactant solution through the reactor, the ten-port valve and dual-loop sampling system, and into the product accumulator, where the flow of products displaces air through a back-pressure regulator. The reactant inflow is rapidly heated to reaction temperature by an electric entry heater/water jacket combination, and maintained at isothermal conditions by a Transtemp Infrared furnace and an exit electric heater/water jacket combination. 

Fig. 3 (a) Drum bioreactor (7) substrate chamber, (2) loading port, (i) jacket, (4) paddles, (5) central axis, (6) motor, (7) gear box, (S) water inlet, (9) water outlet (70) air inlet, (77) air outlet, (72) product, (b) Packed bed bioreactor (7) water-bath where humidification occurs, (2) air inlet, (3,77) air filter, (4) sparger, (5) water input, (6) water filter, (7) heating coil, (S) basket with perforated bottom, (9) temperature probe for humidified air, (70) medium temperature probe (72) air output, (73) controller and recorder, (77) relative humidity regulator (7), temperature regulator, (A) airflow meter (W) water supply... 

A 550 watt Conrad/Hanovla medium pressure A.C. mercury lamp surrounded by a 1 cm thick pyrex water jacket, for cooling and Infrared absorption, provided the Irradlance, while an electrical heater and fan system was used to adjust the sample temperature. The lamp was allowed to operate from Its standard power supply with no attempt at regulation of the Irradlance. Lamp voltage and current were the only parameters monitored to characterize Its performance. The exposure region was a perforated aluminum cylinder 34 cm In diameter and 23 cm high. 

Fig. 9.11 Demonstration of thermal insulation capability of octadecane Ti02—PVP nanoflbers (a), where 1 cm of water at 60 °C was allowed to cool in a 4 °C environment in glass vials covered with different insulation jackets. Sample A had no insulation, sample B was half covered with the PCM nanofiber jacket, and sample C was fuUy covered by the PCM nanofiber jacket. Sample D was covered by a jacket of conventional fiberglass (Reprinted with the permission from McCann et al. [12]. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society) and (b) temperature-regulating capability of PEG/CA fibers, the thermoregulating curves of the hot stage, the electrospun CA fibers, and the PEG/CA fibers with 50 wt% PEG (Reprinted from Chen et al. [32], copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier)...

Moisture is to be removed, in a drier, from compacted material with a microcrystalline structure. The drier, fitted with a heating jacket and a regulator to maintain a constant temperature, is charged with 100 kg product containing 30% water. The final product must have a residual moisture of 0.1% or less. Because of the nature of the product, its temperature should not exceed 50 °C and, to achieve the required dryness, a pressure of 2 mbar is required. It is proposed to carry out the process with a single-stage oil-sealed rotary pump (Seff = 100 m3 hr1, water vapour tolerance = 50 mbar at 40 °C and pult (with gas ballast) = 1 mbar). 

The bottom layer, the methanol solution of muriatic carbamide, is poured off. The top layer, the toluene solution of methylphenyldimethox-ysilane, is left in the reactor, backflow cooler 5 is switched in the direct operation mode and the reactor jacket is filled with vapour. The contents of the apparatus are heated and at the tank temperature below 150 °C the mixture of methyl alcohol and toluene is distilled into receptacle 6 until the distillation stops (the distillation speed is regulated by sending vapour into the reactor jacket 7). The toluene methanol mixture (97% of toluene and 3% of methyl alcohol) is sent from receptacle 6 into batch box 3, from where it enters reactor 7. After the toluene methanol mixture is distilled completely, the contents of reactor 7 are cooled with water sent into the jacket down to 30 °C and sent by nitrogen flow into receptacle 7. 

Production of oligomer I. Hydrolyser 7 is loaded with a calculated amount of water then, at agitation and 40 °C it receives the reactive mixture from agitator 4. The temperature is regulated by changing the speed of mixture supply and sending water into the jacket of the hydrolyser. After the whole mixture has been introduced, the contents of the hydrolyser are heated to 60-65 °C and kept for 2 hours. After that, the reactive mixture is cooled to 30 °C, the agitation is stopped and the mixture is settled. 

After the anhydrous potassium acetate has been dried and its exact weight has been measured, acetylation reactor 5 receives at agitation from batch box 1 through a siphon under the layer of toluene potassium acetate solution a required amount of phenyltrichlorosilane. The temperature (SOSO °C) is regulated by changing the speed of phenyltrichlorosilane supply and intensity of cooling reactor 5 (by sending water into the jacket). After the introduction of phenyltrichlorosilane the mixture in apparatus 5 heated... 

Methyl monochloride is synthesised at 0-5 °C. The temperature in the reactor is maintained by regulating the supply of salt solution into the coil and the jacket of the apparatus, as well as by regulating the speed at which sodium hydroxide enters the reactor. After the necessary amount of alkali solution has been supplied, the reactive mixture is agitated for 30 more minutes at 0 °C. The end of the reaction is determined by the refraction index of the product. For this purpose, an average sample is taken and flushed with water the organic layer is used to determine the refraction index, which should not exceed 1.4820 or fall below 1.4810. 

When the pressure in the reactor is 1.9-2 MPa, the jacket of the reactor is filled with cold water. Cooling is regulated so that the pressure in the reactor does not rise above 2 MPa. By regulating the supply of vapour and cold water into the jacket of the reactor, the temperature in the reactor is maintained at 110-130 °C and the pressure, at 1.9-2 MPa. The synthesis at these parameters should be continued for at least 30-50 minutes. 

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