Temperature average ocean

Fig. 11-7 Distribution of dissolved carbon species in seawater as a function of pH. Average oceanic pH is about 8.2. The distribution is calculated for a temperature of 15°C and a salinity of 35%o. The equilibrium constants are from Mehrbach et al. (1973).

The temperatures of ocean environments vary with geographic location, water depth, and the seasons. On average, the ocean s temperature is only a few degrees above freezing. The warmest marine waters are found at the surface and in coastal areas. The coolest are found near the poles, in the open ocean, and near the ocean floor. 

Figure 1.8 (a) Global near-surface temperature averaged over land and ocean,... 

Thermal expansion (and contraction) of the oceans, caused by a combination of increasing (decreasing) temperature and salinity, accounts for seasonal and interannual variations in sea level. Thermal expansion and contraction are not large enough, however, to account for the differences in sea level over tens of thousands of years. Warming the entire ocean from 0 "C to the current global average ocean temperature, for example, would result in a sea level rise of only about 10 m. 

Global warming of the oceans. The oceans on Earth weigh 1.37 X 10 kg [9]. If global warming caused the average ocean temperature to increase by 1 °C, what would be the enthalpy increase AH7... 

A further factor affecting k- is the air-sea temperature difference. When the sea is colder than the air above it, the enhanced solubility of the gas in the water (relative to the air temperature) tends to increase kj. This will occur in summer in sub-polar waters and over upwelling regions. The opposite is also found, and much of the ocean equatorward of 45"" latitude is colder than the overlying air for much of the year. However, air-sea temperature differences are generally less than 2-3 "C so that this effect results in a less than 10% modulation of k- on average. 

Table 2.15 Average surface temperature of the oceans between parallels of latitude (°C)...

Table 10-3 Average temperatures and salinity of the oceans, excluding adjacent seas ...

Because temperature (T) and salinity (S) are the main factors controlling density, oceanographers use T-S diagrams to describe the features of the different water masses. The average temperature and salinity of the world ocean and various parts of the ocean are given in Fig. 10-3 and Table 10-3. The North Atlantic contains the warmest and saltiest water of the major oceans. The Southern Ocean (the region around Antarctica) is the coldest and the North Pacific has the lowest average salinity. 

Fig. 10-4 Average temperature/salinity diagrams for Pacific Oceans. (Reproduced with permission from G. L. Oceanography," pp. 138-139, Pergamon Press.)...

If we let Ti be the predictive temperature that we have now, 255 K, we can quickly see what happens if A changes from Ai, to a new value A2. The current albedo of Earth is ca. 0.3, and current fractional cloud cover is ca. 0.5. Ice and snow cover are minimal and most of the Earth is oceans with Aocean 0.1. Forests have forests 0.1 so most of the noncloudy Earth has. A % 0.1. This gives an expression for average cloud albedo ... 

The albedo depends on surface properties—whether ocean, land, or ice—on the presence or absence of clouds, and on the zenith angle of the sun. The formulation I use is based on a detailed study by Thompson and Barron (1981). I have fitted to the results of their theory the analytical expressions contained in subroutine SWALBEDO. Figures 7-2 and 7-3 illustrate the calculated albedos for various conditions Figure 7—2 shows the variation of albedo for clear and cloudy skies over land and ocean as a function of the daily average solar zenith angle, results that were calculated using subroutine SWALBEDO. The temperature was taken to be warm enough to eliminate ice and snow. The most important parameter is cloud cover, because the difference between land and ocean is most marked... 

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