Hemispherical temperature

Ash Fusibility. A molded cone of ash is heated in a mildly reducing atmosphere and observed using an optical pyrometer during heating. The initial deformation temperature is reached when the cone tip becomes rounded the softening temperature is evidenced when the height of the cone is equal to twice its width the hemispherical temperature occurs when the cone becomes a hemispherical lump and the fluid temperature is reached when no lump remains (D1857) (18). 

Hemispherical, temperature-regulated, heating mantle, 500-W, Horst or equivalent Gas washing tubes, in glass, 250-mL (Pyrex), equipped with spherical socket joints Trapping (absorption) tube, in glass, 250-mL (Pyrex), equipped with spherical socket joints... 

Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa, 2001. Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records, http //cdiac.esd.oml.gov/trends/ temp/j one scru/j ones. html. 

Jones, P. D., D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies-Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997, in Trends A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1998 see Web site http //cdiac,esd.ornl.gov/ trends/ temp/ jonescru/jones.html. 

Kaufmann, R. K., and D. I. Stern, Evidence for Human Influence on Climate from Hemispheric Temperature Relations, Nature, 388, 39-44 (1997). 

Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies— Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997 http // cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends /temp/jonescru / jones.html... 

Solow, A.R. (1988) Detecting changes through time in the variance of a long-term hemispheric temperature record an application of robust locally weighted regression. J.Climate 1,290-296. 

Hemispherical temperature (HT) temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump, at which point the height is one-half the width of the base... 

Vimeux F., Cufifey K., and Jouzel J. (2002) New insights into southern hemisphere temperature changes from Vostok ice cores using deuterium excess correction. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, 829-843. 

Initial deformation temperatue Hemispherical temperature Fluid temperature ... 

Hurrel, J. W., 1996. Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on the Northern Hemispheric temperature. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 665-668. 

I will discuss this in more detail using some recent climate simulation experiments (Roeckner et al., 1999 Bengtsson et al., 1999) as tools in such an evaluation. However, first I will discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for the variation of the Northern Hemisphere temperature. 

FIGURE 3 Simulated Northern Hemisphere temperature varations for 300 years with the ECHAM4/OPYC3 coupled climate model. Annually averaged and 50-year low-pass filter. 

Mann, M., Bradley, R., and Hughes, M. (1999). Northern hemisphere temperatures during the post millenium inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26,759-762. 

The hemisphere temperature is the temperature above the softening temperature when the specimen becomes sufficiently fluid that it can assume a hemispherical shape, i.e. its height equals half its width. 

Gray and Moore [1974] proposed an empirical formula for the so-called Slagging Index (FS) considered to be a measure of the slagging propensity of the coal. It is based on the initial deformation temperature (IDT) and the hemisphere temperature HT. Jones [1978] demonstrated that the Slagging Index is a useful measure of slagging potential in boiler equipment. For lignitic ash the index is given by ... 

Mann, M.E., R.S. Bradley, and M.K. Hughes. (1999). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Last Millennium Inferences, Uncertainties and Limitations. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 759-762. 

Hemisphere temperature the temperature when the entire mold takes on a hemisphere shape... 

The last decade has seen a dramatic improvement in both availability of past evidence and also in information from diverse regions and sources. Figure 8 compares several different reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperature change for most of the last millennium. The reconstructions are of different seasons so, based on the instrumental record, would be expected to differ somewhat. None of the series is strictly independent of the others, as they contain some common sources, but each has made different assumptions in averaging. 

Lauritzen, S.-E. (2005) Highly variable northern hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature, 433, 613-617. 

Hemispherical temperature (HT) The height of the sample is equal to half the width of the base viscous, sluggish flow can be expected (e.g., freezing of slag in entrain-flow gasifiers). 

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