Temperature average annual

Figure 3 Isotope content of snow versus local temperature (annual average). Antarctic data (SD, left scale) are from Lorius and Merlivat (1977) and Greenland data (S 0, right scale) are from Johnsen et al. (1989).

Figure 1. Annual average rainfall (mm), annual average temperature (°C), and altitude (m.a.s.l.) for different sites studied in the Pedemontana Jungle in northern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy provinces). Source http //es.climate-data.org/ location/145171/...

The parameters and results of the albedo calculation are illustrated in Figure 7-4, which shows the calculated albedo for annual average temperatures, which we shall describe later. Figure 7-4 also indicates the fixed values of land fraction, cloud cover on land, and cloud cover over the ocean that enter into the albedo calculation. Quantities are plotted against the sine of latitude because this quantity is proportional to the area of the globe at each latitude. 

Other parameters of the simulation are specified in subroutine SPECS. The quantity solcon is the solar constant, available here for tuning within observational limits of uncertainty. The quantity diffc is the heat transport coefficient, a freely tunable parameter. The quantity odhc is the depth in the ocean to which the seasonal temperature variation penetrates. In this annual average simulation, it simply controls how rapidly the temperature relaxes into a steady-state value. In the seasonal calculations carried out later in this chapter it controls the amplitude of the seasonal oscillation of temperature. The quantity hcrat is the amount by which ocean heat capacity is divided to get the much smaller effective heat capacity of the land. The quantity hcconst converts the heat exchange depth of the ocean into the appropriate units for calculations in terms of watts per square meter. The quantity secpy is the number of seconds in a year. 

Fig. 7-6. Calculated values of the annual average temperature as a function of the sine of latitude, plotted as a solid line, compared with observed values, plotted as squares.

The steady-state, annual average temperature profile is not a very exciting application of a model that is intrinsically able to calculate changes with time. In this section I apply the simulation to a calculation of the seasonal variation of temperature as a function of latitude. The program is listed as DAV09. 

Fig. 5 The current River Rhone temperature regime (grey, black) as a result of damming (and partly climate change) compared with daily data (red, blue) from one century ago (1886 and 1904/5). The data has been collected at Porte du Scex by [19], by [18] and by [16] for 1886 (blue), 1904/5 (red), and in the last decades (grey, black), respectively. The red dots are daily values (afternoon). The black bars represent minima and maxima for the period 1982-2002. The hydropower operation has a smoothing effect on the temperature below the outlets in the River Rhone In winter, the current temperature is about 2°C above natural (warming from prewarmed reservoirs) and in summer about 1 °C cooler (less riverbed friction electricity production). The annual average remains almost constant. Details in [10]...

Figure 14.54, for example, shows the annual average number of sunspots from 1880 to the present, which clearly shows this cycle (Cliver et al., 1998). Both the sunspot number and the aa geomagnetic index have been used as proxies for the solar cycle. For the relatively short time period covered by available instrumental temperature records, both the sunspot number and the aa geomagnetic index are correlated to surface temperature (e.g., see Cliver et al., 1998 and Wilson, 1998). 

FIGURE 14.58 Global nonurban annual average temperature anomalies for the (a) maximum temperature, (b) minimum temperature, and (c) diurnal range of temperatures from 1950 to 1993 for 4100 stations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (adapted from Easterling et at., 1997). 

At shallow depths, rocks and groundwater have an approximately constant temperature that roughly corresponds to the annual average air temperature. In Scandinavia, this may be as little as 4-7 °C, while in the southern UK temperatures of 10-12 C are more typical. In the immediate subsurface (down to a few metres depth), some seasonal fluctuation will occur, with heat from the sun tending to warm the subsoil in the summer. The large heat capacity... 

Fig. 6. The ten-year smoothed observed and predicted annual average temperature for the United States during the twentieth century by the two models used in the USNA...

For high-temperature collectors, average annual shipments per manufacturer are not disclosed. 

Give a quantitative estimate of the relative annual energy requirements for maintaining living comfort (23 °C) in two locations where the outside temperatures are averaging, respectively, 13 °C and 33 °C. The effects of relative humidity on comfort may be ignored. 

In [6], the temperature values averaged over February-March of every year for 1957-1995 are presented. The multiannual history of the anomalies of the mean annual values of the water temperature measured at the hydrometeorological stations of Batumi and Odessa (1950-1985) are reported in [5], while in [7], the interannual variability of the mean annual values of the water temperature at four hydrometeorological stations at the Crimean coast in the period 1972-1992 is considered. 

Annual average of maximum daily air temperatures fluoride concentrations Recommended control range (mg/L) 0.1-0.5 ... 

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