Global temperature anomalies

Figure 4.4. Global temperature anomalies, 1000-2000. (Source Jones et al. 1998 Jones et al. 1999 Marm et al. 1999).

Fig. 121.1 Global temperature anomalies based on four multiproxy and tree ring reconstructions for the period A.D. 900-2005. (Reprinted with permission from the National Academies Press, Copyright 2006, National Academy of Sciences)...

Fig. 121.3 Climate model simulations of global temperature anomalies with (a) and without (b) anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases. (Source IPCC 2007 AR4 WG 1 Fig. 9.5)...

Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa, 2001. Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records, http //cdiac.esd.oml.gov/trends/ temp/j one scru/j ones. html. 

Increases in global surface temperatures, (a) Time trends reflecting annual and 5-year means. Also shown are dates of large volcanic eruptions and (b) geographic trends based on mean values for the period 2001 to 2005 AD. Temperature anomalies are the temperature differences for a given year or location relative to a base mean value for that year or location. The base period is 1951-1980 AD. Source-. After Hansen, J., et al. (2006). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 14288-14293. (See companion website for color version.)... 

FIGURE 14.57 Global average temperature anomaly (AT) for land and sea surface measurements relative to the period from 1961 to 1990 (adapted from IPCC, 1996). 

FIGURE 14.58 Global nonurban annual average temperature anomalies for the (a) maximum temperature, (b) minimum temperature, and (c) diurnal range of temperatures from 1950 to 1993 for 4100 stations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (adapted from Easterling et at., 1997). 

Jones, P. D., D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies-Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997, in Trends A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1998 see Web site http //cdiac,esd.ornl.gov/ trends/ temp/ jonescru/jones.html. 

Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies— Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997 http // cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends /temp/jonescru / jones.html... 

The satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) records lower stratospheric temperatures. Global mean increases of up to 1.4 K were apparent following both the Pinatubo and El Chichon eruptions due to the local heating of the volcanic aerosol (Parker et al., 1996). Interestingly, for the Pinatubo case, the temperature anomaly decreased as aerosol sedimented back into the troposphere, and, by early 1993, below average, lower stratospheric temperatures were observed. This could be due to cooling coincident with the destruction of stratospheric ozone (Section 3.04.6.2.2). 

The anomalies of the yearly Baltic Sea average were compared to the anomalies of the global temperature of the Northern Hemisphere (Jones et al., 2005) to understand how the temperature development of the Baltic Sea is reflected by the global data set (Fig. 9.10). The global anomalies were also calculated for the period 1990-2005. Both data sets show... 

This table and graph summarize the trend in annual mean global surface temperature from 1856 to 2004. The values were calculated from mean temperature anomalies by assuming an absolute global mean of 14.00°C, which is the best estimate for the 1961-1990 period. The 95% confidence interval for the annual mean temperature values since 1951 is 0.12°C prior to 1900 this interval is 0.18°C. 

Fig. 3.5 Global annual temperature anomalies (degrees C), 1850-2008 (relative to the 1961-1990 mean) data from P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn and K. R. Briffa (Prediction and Research, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom) and D. E. Parker (Hadley Centre for Climate, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom).

FIGURE 25 Model-simulated global mean surface air temperature anomalies (K). Thick and thin lines represent time series for the coupled TAOGCM and TML experiments, respectively. Large dots Indicate EML model results. [From Wetherald, R. T, Stouffer, R. J., and Dixon, K. W. (2001). Geophys. Res. Lett 28,1535-1538. Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union.]... 

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