Temperate soils

This occurs in well-drained temperate soils, and is the reverse of Equation (8). In very well-drained warm soils, hematite can form. For... 

Pyrethroids can also persist in sediments. In one study, alpha-cypermethrin was applied to a pond as an emulsifiable concentrate (Environmental Health Criteria 142). After 16 days of application, 5% of the applied dose was still present in sediment, falling to 3% after a further 17 days. This suggests a half-life of the order of 20-25 days—comparable in magnitude to half-lives measured in temperate soils. 

Saha S, Mina BL, Gopinath KA, Kundu S, Gupta HS (2008a) Organic amendments affect biochemical properties of a sub temperate soil of Indian Himalayas. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 80 233-242... 

Polycyclic endriandric acid A-like Endiandra introrsa C.T. White, Lauraceae, Ang. from Australian foests MI). Macrolides ervthromvcin-like erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus, Actinom., Bact. from the Philippine soil and picromycins, from temperate soil MI). 

Source Adapted from von Ltitzow, M., Kogel-Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., et al. (2006). Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions—a review. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 57,426-445, with permission from Wiley-Blackwell. 

Poirer, N., Derenne, S., Balesdent, J, Chenu, C., Bardoux, G., Mariotti, A., and Largeau, C. (2006). Dynamics and origin of the non-hydrolysable organic fraction in a forest and a cultivated temperate soil, as determined by isotopic and microscopic studies. Ear. J. Soil Sci. 57,719-730. 

Trumbore, S. E. (1993). Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils using radiocarbon measurements. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7(2), 275-290. 

Kogel-Knabner, I., Guggenberger, G., Kleber, M., Kandeler, E., Kalbitz, K., Scheu, S., Eusterhues, K., and Leinweber, P. (2008). Organo-mineral associations in temperate soils Integrating biology mineralogy and organic matter chemistry J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 171, 61-82. 

Gerritse, R.G. and Van Driel, W. (1984) The relationship between adsorption of trace metals, organic matter and pH in temperate soils. J. Environ. Qual., 13, 197-204. 

Monkiedje, A., Spiteller, M., Bester, K. (2003) Degradation of racemic and enantiopure metalaxyl in tropical and temperate soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 707-712. 

In Table 3, susceptibility to weathering increases down the list as fewer silicon-oxygen bonds need to be broken to release silicate. Consequently, quartz and feldspars especially, but also mica in temperate soils, are common inherited minerals in the coarse particle size fractions of soil (the silt and sand fractions, 0.002-2 mm). The amphiboles, pyroxenes, and olivine are much more easily weathered. Thus, soils derived from parent material with rock containing a predominance of framework silicates e.g. granite, sandstone) tend to be more sandy, while those derived from rocks containing the more easily weathered minerals tend to be more clayey. 

In the study of soil science, most attention has historically been paid to the aluminosilicate clays, which dominate the properties of temperate soils, the first to be scientifically studied. More recently, the importance of the amorphous aluminosilicates has been shown in young soils, in soils derived from volcanic ash and in leached, acidic soil (e.g. podzols or spodosols). The hydrous oxides are especially important components of old, highly weathered soils, such as those found in the tropics (e.g. oxisols). This is an important distinction as the charge on the aluminosilicate clays is predominantly a permanent negative charge, while the amorphous aluminosilicates and hydrous oxides have a variable,... 

CEC). This permanent negative charge is the major characteristic of temperate soils, in which the aluminosilicate clays dominate the reactive fraction. The consequences of this are discussed in relation to ion-exchange processes in Section 5.5. 

A comprehensive review article about the fate of pesticides in bopical soils, reported several interesting facts about pesticide research in trc ical soils [11], For example, in a 10 year period, literature citations on research in bopical soils as opposed to temperate soils were disproportionate in a ratio of 1 3. Literature citations on the tropical soils were mainly from the Asia/Pacific-India region with only a few from Ladn America with the exception of Brazil. Also, few references related to studies on the late of a given pesticide in both tropical and temperate soils. In fact, not only are publications on pesticide fate in tropical soils scarce but are often difficult to obtain and may contain inadequate experimental details for a complete interpretation. This situation still continues, with many studies not being published or reported in publications difficult to access. 

Kimble, J. M., H. Eswaran, and T. Cook. 1990. Organic carbon on a volume basis in tropical and temperate soils. In International Congress of Soil Science, Kyoto, 1990, Transactions. Kyoto International Society of Soil Science, v. 5, pp. 248-253. 

Ruzicka S. D., Edgerton D., Norman M., and Hill T. (2000) The utility of ergosterol as a bioindicator of fungi in temperate soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 32, 989-1005. 

In temperate soil, the half-life of dieldrin is 5 years. Most dieldrin and aldrin found in surface water are the result of runoff from contaminated soil. With this level of persistence, combined with high lipid solubility, the necessary conditions for dieldrin to bioconcentrate and... 

IsFiii, S., Ksoll, W. B., Hicks, R. E., and Sadowsky, M. J. (2006). Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 612-621. 

---