Technology accountability for

Lewis and protic acids, usually AICI3 and H2SO4, are used in the liquid phase at temperatures of 40-70°C and at pressures of 5-15 atm. Phosphoric acid on kieselguhr promoted with BF3 (UOP process)309 319 is used in gas-phase alkylation (175-225°C, 30-40 atm). In addition to the large excess of benzene, propane as diluent is also used to ensure high (better than 94%) propylene conversion. This solid phosphoric acid technology accounts for 80-90% of the world s cumene production. 

STI CMP has become an indispensable process in state-of-the-art semiconductor technology, accounting for 8-9% of the 2 billion CMP applications market. It will continue to provide the needed trench isolation scalability for future technology generations. The achieved level of planarity improves continuously, but the planarity requirements also become more and more stringent. The future development of the process will be driven first of all by meeting those planarity requirements and also by the manufacturers desire to decrease the cost of ownership of the process. 

More significantly, information technology is transforming the global business environment. Housing and autos used to drive the U.S. economy. Now information technology accounts for a quarter to a third of economic growth. 

The first electrolyzers to be deployed were alkaline. They were commercialized from the late 19 Century onwards. Today, alkaline technology is the ultra-dominant form of technology, accounting for 99% of the electrolyzer... 

In the present markets for controlled release systems, microencapsulation is the dominant technology accounting for about 1.31 billion annually (61%), followed by coatings at 0.55 billion (25%) and polymer/ membranes at 0.30 billion (14%). By 1991 these figures are expected to increase to 2.06, 0.69 and 1.05 billion for the microencapsulation, coatings and polymer/membranes, respectively. (The percentages are expected to be 54, 18 and 27, respectively.) ... 

The propylene-based process developed by Sohio was able to displace all other commercial production technologies because of its substantial advantage in overall production costs, primarily due to lower raw material costs. Raw material costs less by-product credits account for about 60% of the total acrylonitrile production cost for a world-scale plant. The process has remained economically advantaged over other process technologies since the first commercial plant in 1960 because of the higher acrylonitrile yields resulting from the introduction of improved commercial catalysts. Reported per-pass conversions of propylene to acrylonitrile have increased from about 65% to over 80% (28,68—70). 

Produced from Co l. Estimates of the cost of producing methanol from coal have been made by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (12,17) and they are more uncertain than those using natural gas. Experience in coal-to-methanol faciUties of the type and size that would offer the most competitive product is limited. The projected costs of coal-derived methanol are considerably higher than those of methanol produced from natural gas. The cost of the production faciUty accounts for most of the increase (11). Coal-derived methanol is not expected to compete with gasoline unless oil prices exceed 0.31/L ( 50/bbl). Successful development of lower cost entrained gasification technologies could reduce the cost so as to make coal-derived methanol competitive at oil prices as low as 0.25/L ( 40/bbl) (17) (see Coal conversion processes). 

Noncatalytic partial oxidation of residual fuel oil accounts for the remainder of world methanol production. Shell and Texaco ate the predominant hcensors for partial oxidation technology (16) the two differ principally in the mechanical details of mixing the feedstock and oxidant, in waste heat recovery, and in soHds management. 

Veterinary Applications. Another use for antibiotics is for veterinary appHcations and for animal feed supplements to promote growth in Hvestock (see Feeds and feed additives). Feed antibiotics used in the United States far surpass all other agricultural appHcations in terms of kilogram quantities used and approach quantities used in human medicines (25). In 1980 the USA feed antibiotic usage was estimated to be between five and six million kg. The U.S. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that feed additives save the U.S. consumer approximately 3500 million per year in meat prices, and antibiotic use accounts for most of this. 

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