Technological Consequences

While flavor defects are the most likely result of lipolysis in dairy products, several other practical problems may arise from an elevated level of FFAs. The most common of these is lack of foaming of pasteurised milk for cappuccino-style coffee (IDF, 1987). Reduced efficiency of skimming of raw milk and reduced churning efficiency in cream may be associated with lipolysis, especially where excessive agitation or pumping causes damage to the milk fat globule membrane. 

A high level of FFAs may cause minor errors in determination of the fat content of milk (e.g., a decrease of 0.01 0.03% fat per 1 meq/100 g increase in FFA), whether by older methods such as Rose-Gottlieb or turbidimetric or infrared methods (van Reusel, 1975 van de Voort et al., 1987). Lipolysis may also lead to false positives in testing for antibiotic residues in milk (Carlsson and Bjorck, 1992). 

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Some of the advantages of fluidized beds include flexibiUty in fuel use, easy removal of SO2, reduced NO production due to relatively low combustion temperatures, simplified operation due to reduced slagging, and finally lower costs in meeting environmental regulations compared to the conventional coal burning technologies. Consequently, fluidized-bed combustors are currently under intensive development and industrial size units (up to 150 MW) are commercially available (Fig. 10). 

From a different perspective, the lumophore appended receptor represents a molecular-scale light switch, which is triggered by a chemical species (whether or not it is of biological or technological consequence). Thus, photonic signals can be chemically generated with spatial, temporal, colour... 

The fabrication of assemblies of perfect nanometer-scale crystallites (quantum crystal) identically replicated in unlimited quantities in such a state that they can be manipulated and understood as pure macromolecular substances is an ultimate challenge in modem materials research with outstanding fundamental and potential technological consequences. 

The technological consequences of the presence of drug residues in meat should not be neglected. Fermentation failure in the production of dry sausages was recently demonstrated to be caused by the presence of residues of antimicrobial drugs such as penicillin and tetracycline in the raw material (77). The concentrations involved were about 0.9 and 1.6 lU penicillin and about 4 and 1.9 g tetracycline/g sausage. 

Production network design includes decisions on production capacity and - if technically possible - choice of production technology. Consequently,... 

As is the case with any scientific development with important technological consequences, basic research plays a fundamental role whereby appropriate models are designed to explore and predict the physical and chemical behavior of a system. A confined quantum system is a clear example where theory constitutes a cornerstone for explanation and prediction of new properties of spatially limited atoms, molecules, electrons, excitons, etc. Theoretical study of possible confined structures might also suggest and stimulate further experimental investigations. In essence, the design of novel materials with exceptional properties requires proper theoretical modeling. 

The power demand of electrolysers and power outputs of oxy-hydrogen turbines can be changed very rapidly compared to traditional peak-electricity production technologies. Consequently, these systems can be used for power regulation to produce higher quality electricity (constant voltage and frequency). This is a very high value utility service. 

One of the most important discoveries made by matrix isolation techniques in recent years is the photo-activation of natural gas by copper atoms at low temperature [67]. Beyond the possible technological consequences of this discovery, several fundamental questions were raised by it. Some of them were addressed in Ref. [H] concerning the reactants and products relative energies. In Ref. [fiS] in turn the activation barriers between the former and the latter were studied and they are depicted in Fig. 7. 

Brine rejection is thus an extremely interesting and also important process with wide natural, atmospheric, and technological consequences (with desalination as a prominent example). It has, therefore, been subject to experimental as well as theoretical research. 

The field of molecular electronic structure theory has developed rapidly during the last decades, allowing chemists to study theoretically systems of increasing size and complexity, often with an accuracy that rivals or even surpasses that of experimental measurements [1-4]. This situation has come about partly as a result of new developments in computational techniques, partly as a result of spectacular advances in computer technology. Consequently, practicing chemists now have at their disposal a wide range of powerful techniques of varying cost and accuracy, all of which may be applied to solve problems at the microscopic and molecular levels. 

The spin splitting of the energy bands of semiconductors without inversion symmetry has other interesting and presumably also technological consequences. Photoemitted electrons from GaAs are spin polarized when the light used for the irradiation is circularly polarized.[49,50] (such effects may also be observed for metals, see for example [51]). The so-called three step model for photomission considers the three processes, optical excition from a valence-band state to a state in the conduction band, transport of the excited electron to the surface, and — finally — emission through the... 

Strategies towards MIP films and membranes are adapted either from film/membrane formation technology or from knowledge about preparation of MIPS. Thus, the current research and development activities in this field can be described as attempts to merge two more or less established technologies. Consequently, empirical work still plays an important role. 

Krell A, Hutzler T, Klimke J (2007) Transparent ceramics for structural applications part 1 physics of light transmission and technological consequences. CFI-Ceram Foium Int 84 ... 

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