Technical and organizational prerequisites

To categorize pipeline systems from an organizational point of view, two basic criteria can be used The number of products to be transported and the number of access points. Commonly, pipelines are designed for one product only, e.g. in the case of crude oil transports. This allows optimizing the pipeline s technological configuration with respect to the energy consumption. However, in chemical industry also multi-product pipelines are met when the intended chemicals to be transported are chemically similar. 

The structure of the pipeline network is another aspect to be considered. Since in pipelines the product flow is unidirectional in very most cases, the network structure can be categorized according to the number of sources and sinks. In the simplest case, there is a single source and a single sink (one-to-one network). Similarly, if there are multiple sinks to be supplied this is labelled as a one-to-many network. Conversely, there exist many-to-one networks and, finally, for multiple sources and sinks also many-to-many networks. Table 3.1 displays this categorization scheme. 

1 single continuous flow continuous split continuous cont. network junction flow  

0 multiple batch flow batch split batch junction batch network flow 

Of special relevance among these types are the one-to-many and many-to-many networks as these show the most challenging planning problems. In the single product case, the main problem is to keep the flow in balance along the pipeline or pipeline segments such that inflow and outflow are equal at any time. 

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With respect to collaboration and interoperability, new interoperability requirements have to be identified, which describe organizational, technical and management prerequisites for the system realization. New concepts and techniques will have to support two main aspects ... 

The amount and frequency of violations of IPR and their estimated losses suggest that currently the significant and cmcial prerequisites for successful protection of IPR in many world regions are not fulfilled. Hence, the distinctiveness of the current situation lies not in the nature of IPR itself, but rather in the fact that political, socio-economic, organizational and technical constraints for an expected violation of IPR are particularly favorable [13]. This condition could persist because there is no international initiative whatsoever apparent that would revert this situation. Recent research predicts expansion of IPR by 2025, including enforcement [14, p. 358]. 

Apart from technical, organizational, and economic prerequisites for... 

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