Expectations violations

C5 Must create effectively single-gender learning situations Avoid severe negative expectancy violation, acceptable compromise Demonstrated efficacy in single-gender settings... 

Gaffney, J. D. H., Gaffney, A. L. H., Beicher, R. J. (2010). Do they see it coming Using expectancy violation to gauge the sueeess of pedagogical reforms. Physical Review Special Topics Physics Education Research, 6, 010102. 

The amount and frequency of violations of IPR and their estimated losses suggest that currently the significant and cmcial prerequisites for successful protection of IPR in many world regions are not fulfilled. Hence, the distinctiveness of the current situation lies not in the nature of IPR itself, but rather in the fact that political, socio-economic, organizational and technical constraints for an expected violation of IPR are particularly favorable [13]. This condition could persist because there is no international initiative whatsoever apparent that would revert this situation. Recent research predicts expansion of IPR by 2025, including enforcement [14, p. 358]. 

The following several sections deal with various theories or models for adsorption. It turns out that not only is the adsorption isotherm the most convenient form in which to obtain and plot experimental data, but it is also the form in which theoretical treatments are most easily developed. One of the first demands of a theory for adsorption then, is that it give an experimentally correct adsorption isotherm. Later, it is shown that this test is insufficient and that a more sensitive test of the various models requires a consideration of how the energy and entropy of adsorption vary with the amount adsorbed. Nowadays, a further expectation is that the model not violate the molecular picture revealed by surface diffraction, microscopy, and spectroscopy data, see Chapter VIII and Section XVIII-2 Steele [8] discusses this picture with particular reference to physical adsorption. 

Do we expect this model to be accurate for a dynamics dictated by Tsallis statistics A jump diffusion process that randomly samples the equilibrium canonical Tsallis distribution has been shown to lead to anomalous diffusion and Levy flights in the 5/3 < q < 3 regime. [3] Due to the delocalized nature of the equilibrium distributions, we might find that the microstates of our master equation are not well defined. Even at low temperatures, it may be difficult to identify distinct microstates of the system. The same delocalization can lead to large transition probabilities for states that are not adjacent ill configuration space. This would be a violation of the assumptions of the transition state theory - that once the system crosses the transition state from the reactant microstate it will be deactivated and equilibrated in the product state. Concerted transitions between spatially far-separated states may be common. This would lead to a highly connected master equation where each state is connected to a significant fraction of all other microstates of the system. [9, 10]... 

Avoid violation of cultural stereotypes. A cultural stereotype is the way most people in a culture expect things to work. 

Compatibility with Personnel Expectations Compatibility refers to the degree of similarity between the direction of physical movement of a control or an instrument indicator and the worker s expectations. Many errors are due to the fact that the operation of the controls or the layout of the displays is incompatible with population stereotypes. For instance, on a control panel it is customary to increase the value of a parameter by turning the appropriate switch clockwise and reduce its value by turning it coimterclockwise. (Note that this stereotype is the opposite for controls which control flow directly, e.g., valves.) If such a stereotype is violated, errors may occur. Although such errors may be recoverable in the short run, under the stress of a process transient they may lead to serious consequences. 

We have said that every time the calibration analyzes a new unknown sample, this amounts to an additional validation test of the calibration. It can be a major mistake to believe that, just because a calibration worked well when it was being developed, it will continue to produce reliable results from that point on. When we discussed the requirements for a training set, we said that collection of samples in the training set must, as a group, be representative in all ways of the unknowns that will be analyzed by the calibration. If this condition is not met, then the calibration is invalid and cannot be expected to produce reliable results. Any change in the process, the instrument, or the measurement procedure which introduces changes into the data measured on an unknown will violate this condition and invalidate the method If this occurs, the concentration values that the calibration predicts for unknown samples are completely unreliable We must therefore have a plan and procedures in place that will insure that we are alerted if such a condition should arise. 

The solution surfaces cannot intersect. If they did, states located at the points of intersection would have multiple values of entropy, and this would violate a fundamental property of state functions. Thus, the surfaces can be expected to be ordered monotonically, either systematically increasing (or decreasing) as one proceeds in a given direction from surface to surface. For our purposes, let us assume Si >S2>S3 in Figure 2.12. 

There are very few exceptions to this rule, and only a trained organic chemist can be expected to know when it is permissible to violate this rule. Some instructors might violate this rule one or two times (about half-way through the course). If this happens, you should recognize that you are seeing a very rare exception. In virtually every situation that you will encounter, you cannot violate this rule. Therefore, you must get into the habit of never breaking a single bond. 

On the other hand, the permanent EDM of an elementary particle vanishes when the discrete symmetries of space inversion (P) and time reversal (T) are both violated. This naturally makes the EDM small in fundamental particles of ordinary matter. For instance, in the standard model (SM) of elementary particle physics, the expected value of the electron EDM de is less than 10 38 e.cm [7] (which is effectively zero), where e is the charge of the electron. Some popular extensions of the SM, on the other hand, predict the value of the electron EDM in the range 10 26-10-28 e.cm. (see Ref. 8 for further details). The search for a nonzero electron EDM is therefore a search for physics beyond the SM and particularly it is a search for T violation. This is, at present, an important and active held of research because the prospects of discovering new physics seems possible. 

It is difficult to prove that quaternary ammonium compounds can cross lipid bilayers using cell uptake experiments, since several mechanisms may be operative, and separating contributions from each may be very difficult [1]. It may be an advantage to use PAMPA to investigate transport properties of permanently ionized molecules. Of all the molecules whose permeabilities were measured under iso-pH conditions in 2% DOPC/dodecane, verapamil, propranolol, and especially quinine seem to partially violate the pH partition hypothesis, as shown in Figs. 7.47a-c. In Fig. 7.47c, the solid line with slope of +1 indicates the expected effective permeability if the pH partition hypothesis were strictly adhered to. As can be seen at pH 4... 

The products (101) are presumably formed in an orbital symmetry allowed (2 + 2 + 2) 7t concerted cyclo-addition. The formation of the compounds (99) and (100) are more difficult to rationalise unambiguously. Clearly, if an intermediate such as (102) had more than a very transient existence, one would expect to isolate products derived from carbonium ion rearrangements. That no rearranged products have been isolated might be used as an argument for the violation of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. "There are none " 68>. 

Since triphenylmethane is not stabilized by any resonance not already present in hexaphenylethane, the difference between the two heats of hydrogenation, or 22 kcal., might be a measure of the steric effect alone. The difference in the heats of dissociation into radicals when ethane and hexaphenylethane are compared is 62 kcal. This leaves about 40 kcal. to be accounted for as resonance stabilization of the radical.16 This degree of resonance stabilization for the triphenylmethyl radical does not violate quantum mechanical expectations. 

However, if the correlation matrix p is rank-deficient, but the scalar dissipation matrix is full rank, the IEM model cannot predict the increase in rank of p due to molecular diffusion. In other words, the last term on the right-hand side of (6.105), p. 278, due to the diffusion term in the FP model will not be present in the IEM model. The GIEM model violates the strong independence condition proposed by Pope (1983). However, since in binary mixing the scalar fields are correlated with the mixture fraction, it does satisfy the weak independence condition. The expected value on the left-hand side is with respect to the joint PDF (c, f x, t). 

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