Tanzania

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Tanzania, 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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Mark Cook is a Reservoir Engineer and Petroleum Economist. He has worked on international assignments mainly in Tanzania, Oman, the Netherlands and the UK. His main focus is in economic evaluation of field development projects, risk analysis, reservoir management and simulation. After 11 years with a multinational company he co-founded TRACS International of which he is Technical Director. 

The Africa/Middle-East Working Group represents Crop Protection Industiy Associations in Cameroun, Cote d Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco and Syria. 

Anacardium occidentalle L. Cashew nut shell Anacardic acid, Cardanol, Brazil, Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria... 

Walther, F.R. 1978 Behavioral observations on oryx antelope (Oryx heisa) invading Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal ofMammalogy 59 243-260. 

Rusibamayila CS, Ak habuhaya JL, Lodenius M. 1998. Determination of pesticide residues is some major food crops of Northern Tanzania. J Environ Sci Health B 33(4) 399-409. 

Although this chemistry is complex, the basic process is reduction of iron oxide by carbon in an atmosphere depleted of oxygen. Archaeologists have found ancient smelters in Africa (in what is now Tanzania) that exploited this chemistry to produce iron in prehistoric times. Early African peoples lined a hole with a fuel of termite residues and added iron ore. Chamed reeds and charcoal provided the reducing substance. Finally, a chimney of mud was added. When this furnace was fired, a pool of iron collected in the bottom. 

Fig. 2.1 Map of Africa showing general locations of the Douala-Edea site in Cameroon and the Kibale Forest (Uganda). Abbreviations of countries referred to in other African examples Bots = Botswana, Cam=Cameroon, C.A.R. = Central African Republic, Gh = Ghana, Ken=Kenya, Mad=Madagascar, Moz=Mozambique, Tanz=Tanzania, Zam=Zambia, and Zim=Zimbabwe...

Mad=Madagascar, Maur. = Mauritius, Moz. = Mozambique, Tanz.=Tanzania, Zan. = Zanzibar... 

Figure 6. Schematic representation of the model used by Williams et al. (1986) to calculate the age of the Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania) caibonatite magma. The model assumes an instantaneous Ra-Th fractionation produced by the exsolution of a carbonatite melt from a nephelinite parental magma in radioactive equilibrium for both Ra-Th pairs. The existence of Ra- Th disequihbria indicates that the fractionation occurred shortly before eruption, and thus the ( Tla/ °Th) ratios have not significantly changed since the exsolution. By assuming the same Ra-Th fractionation for both pairs, the ( Ra/ °Th) in the carbonatite gives the ( Ra/ h) ratio just after the exsolution, and its age can then be calculated from the equation ...

Pyle DM (1992) The volume and residence time of magma beneath active volcanoes determined by decay-series disequilibria methods. Earth Planet Sci Lett 112 61-73 Pyle DM, Dawson JB, Ivanovich M (1991) Short-lived decay series disequilibria in the natrocarbonatite lavas of Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania Constraints on the timing of magma genesis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 105 378-396... 

Kotschi (2000) was concerned that the standards and demand for organic products were dominated by the wealthy northern countries. He recognised that there was a booming international market for organic food and textiles. The green tea from China, coffee from Mexico and cotton from Tanzania are exported to wealthy people in Europe, North America and Japan. 

The most significant spread of tea cultivation to new areas has been the establishment of large acreage in Africa. The first successful plantings took place in Malawi around 1900, but Kenya has become the prime producer of the continent though tea was not introduced until 1925. Tea is now cultivated in Tanzania, South Africa, and other areas.10... 

Olduvay Gorge, Tanzania Fleischer et al. (1965a, 1965b, 1965c)... 

Sierra JM, Navia MM, Vargas M, Urassa H, Schellemberg D, Gascon J, Vila J, Ruiz J In vitro activity of rifaximin against bacterial enteropathogens causing diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001 47 904-905. 

After World War II, the production of pyrethrum in Japan fell markedly and declined to only 1,000 tons in terms of dried flowers in 1965. At present, pyrethrum is not cultivated in Japan and the main producers are Kenya, Tanzania, Tasmania, and China, with worldwide production in 2010 amounting to around 10,000 tons of dried flowers. Dried flowers are extracted and purified at pyrethrum-extracting factories on the spot, producing 25-50% pyrethrin extracts. While pyrethrum extracts have been replaced with various synthetic pyrethroids, they are still used in houses, food factories, gardens, and organic farms, all of which emphasize the importance of safety. Katsuda [1] reported that natural pyrethrins showed a low development of resistance by flies and mosquitoes compared with many synthetic pyrethroids, against which a high development of cross-resistance was observed. 

Mushobozy D, Khan VA, Stevens C (1998) The use of soil solarization to control weeds, plant diseases, and integration of chicken litter amendment for tomato production in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 27th national agricultural plastics congress of american society for plasti-culture, p 279-285... 

Precambian crystalline rocks (Uzanda) Cenozoic volcanic rocks (Tanzania) ... 

One of our field sites involves free-ranging African elephants at Ndarakwai Ranch, Tanzania. Ndarakwai Ranch is a privately owned area of ca. 4300 ha located in northern Tanzania. The habitat is a mix of grassland and mixed acacia woodland. This region typically experiences annually a short and a long wet season separated by dry seasons (Vyas 2006), similar to nearby Amboseli National Park, where rainfall averages 350 mm annually (Poole 1999). 

African Elephant Behavior at Northern Tanzania and AENP... 

The main state behaviors for elephants of all ages at the waterholes in both populations were walk, stand, drink/suckle and bathing in the mud. At Ndarakwai Ranch in Tanzania, these behaviors comprised 90% of the state activities at the waterhole (Fig. 7.1a). In AENP, the same behaviors comprised 97% of the state activities at the various waterholes (Fig. 7.1b). The elephants at Ndarakwai spent somewhat more time drinking and suckling than standing, which was reversed at AENP, but for the... 

Fig. 7.1 Comparison of the proportion of total time visible that elephants spent in the four major states (a) at Ndarakwai Ranch, Tanzania (90% of all time in all states sample size was 29, 19, 20 and 32 by age class per behavior from left to right.) and (b) at AENP, South Africa (97% of all time in all states, sample size was 37,37, 34 and 43 from left to right...

Fig. 7.2 Comparison of the proportion of elephants responding with chemosensory behaviors to the general substrate (environment) and to urine/feces for pre- and post-pubescent males and females, (a) Ndarakwai Ranch, Tanzania sample size of different elephants from left to right for environment and to urine/feces 40, 44, 46 and 40. The same animals were observed for response to urine/feces as to the environment, (b) Addo Elephant National Park South Africa sample size from left to right for environment 59, 43, 53 and 48. Many of the same animals were observed for response to urine/feces as to the environment. Sample sizes to urine/feces from left to right 49, 32, 44 and 44...

Schulte, B.A., Napora, E., Vyas, D.K., Goodwin, T.E. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. (2006) African elephant chemical communication and humans in Tanzania. J. Eleph. Managers Assoc. 17, 28-36. 

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