Tank-type applications

Because aqua ammonia has a relatively low vapor pressure, it does not have to be injected as deeply into the soil as does anhydrous ammonia. Most operators have found that they can avoid excessive ammonia losses if they inject aqua ammonia about 6 to 12 cm beneath the surface. Applicators used for applying aqua ammonia are similar to those for anhydrous ammonia in that they have injection knives however, since these knives penetrate about one-half the depth of anhydrous ammonia knives, much less power is required to operate them. Also, aqua ammonia can be applied at a much faster rate than anhydrous ammonia because deep injection of this solution is not required. Many operators have found that they can apply aqua ammonia in operations such as plowing, disking, etc., without high ammonia loss. One company uses large tank-type applicators and can apply aqua ammonia at a rate of 16 ha/hour. 

Melt-Reservoir Systems (Tank-Type Applications)... 

The principle of the perfectly-mixed stirred tank has been discussed previously in Sec. 1.2.2, and this provides essential building block for modelling applications. In this section, the concept is applied to tank type reactor systems and stagewise mass transfer applications, such that the resulting model equations often appear in the form of linked sets of first-order difference differential equations. Solution by digital simulation works well for small problems, in which the number of equations are relatively small and where the problem is not compounded by stiffness or by the need for iterative procedures. For these reasons, the dynamic modelling of the continuous distillation columns in this section is intended only as a demonstration of method, rather than as a realistic attempt at solution. For the solution of complex distillation problems, the reader is referred to commercial dynamic simulation packages. 

Tank Type II surface foam application. Foam to Tank NFPA 11-3.2.4 200 330 NFPA 11-3.2.8.2,1 hose, 50... 

Several different bioreactor configurations have been described for use in cell culture and fermentation applications. These include stirred tanks, airlift, and hoUow-fiber systems. The majority of bioreactor systems in use for cell culture applications are still of the stirred-tank type. These systems have been used for batch, fed-batch, and perfusion operations. It would not be possible to adequately cover the field of stirred-tank scale-up in the space available here. Instead, this section will touch briefly on the important issues in bioreactor scale-up. For detailed methodologies on stirred-tank bioreactor scale-up, the reader is referred to several review papers on the topic [20,27,28]. 

The final system, shown in Figure 30.4D, is the continuous system with a partial (PRF) or complete (RF) cell recycle. It is similar to the continuous system, but cells are returned to the fermentor by means of a biomass separation device. Cross-filtration units, centrifuges, and settling tanks have all been used for biomass separation.22 In the partial cell recycle fermentor, a steady state is achieved as in the continuous system. This process is typically used to increase the productivity of the system and is used commonly in wastewater treatment and ethanol production type applications. 

Mixing/loading/application - this work activity involves all of the tasks involved in the application of the pesticide. This is the most common activity for farmers who apply their own pesticides. Commercial, for hire, applicators typically have separate tasks. There are also workers in greenhouse operations and residential settings where the typical equipment may be backpack sprayers, hand-held tank sprayers, push-type applicators and belly-grinders. 

Care must be exercised in deciding when Eq. (2-4) is applicable. In a flow reactor, used for a gaseous reaction with a change in moles, it is not correct (see Examples 4-3 and 4-4). However, it is correct for all gas-phase reactions in a tank-type reactor, since the gaseous reaction mixture fills the entire vessel, so that the volume is constant. For many liquid-phase systems density changes during the reaction are small, and Eq. (2-4) is valid for all types of reactors. The use of Eqs. (2-1) to (2-4) will become clear as we consider various kinds of reactions and reactors. 

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