Talk Preventing Measures

To improve the resolution of an imager the distance between adjacent photodiodes is reduced. A problem occurs when the distance reaches the same dimensions as the diffusion length of photogenerated charge carriers. In EP-A-0024970 (Thomson-CSF, France, 11.03.81) an insulating opaque film is introduced between the photodiodes allowing a close spacing of the photodiodes. 

Mesa shaped photodiodes are formed in an HgCdTe substrate 1. A thin film 5 of an opaque insulating material is formed at regions surrounding the photodiodes. Electrical connections 7 are made to connection pads 6 which are connected to each photodiode and to the substrate. 

The structure shown above in EP-A-0024970 is further improved in US-A-4665609 (Thomson-CSF, France, 19.05.87) in which an anodic oxide is applied on the surface of the detector before an opaque metal film is formed at regions surrounding the photodiodes. This anodic oxide stabilizes the pn-junctions. 

PN-junctions 2 are formed in a substrate 1. An oxide is grown by anodic oxidation over the whole surface of the substrate. A metallic layer 4 is deposited on the anodic oxide. This layer may consist of a first layer which has a good adhesion to the oxide and a second layer which is 

In an alternative embodiment, the detector elements are separated by n-type regions 16 and a gate 17. The detector gate 1 consists of detector gate elements connected to each other by connectors 15. When a detector element is exposed to a high intensity of radiation excess charge is drained off via the regions 16. 

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Imagers having individual detector elements provided with bump connectors or with no connectors at all are presented in this chapter. Cross-talk preventing measures and passivation and leakage current preventing measures are presented in separate sections. 

In order to deploy and animate risk prevention measures, the nuclear industry mainly uses injunctions for safety which are practically based on the rise of expectations projected on to a unit from outside (Boussard, Demaziere Milbum 2010). The aim of this article is to define injunction as a meta-concept for safety management, that is to say a concept aiming to provide the firm grounds to a language attempting to talk about scientific concepts while discovering their meaning (Lacour 2005). 

There will be a time in the future we will no more talk on HBV, a time when aU the newborns would have been vaccinated against hepatitis B, and as stated some centuries ago, measures for prevention would prevail over efforts to treat ... 

Training must include information on the elements listed in the Hazard Communication — Container Labels Toolbox Talk. You may also wish to cover hazmat employee training elements as necessary, in accordance with 49 CFR 172.700 to. 704. Hazmat employees must be familiar with the regulations and able to recognize and identify hazardous materials. They must have knowledge of emergency response information, self-protection measures, accident prevention methods, and various security elements listed in the regulations. 

Other techniques for accountability are useful. A later section will discuss leading and trailing indicators for safety. Accident and incident data, for example, are types of trailing indicators. They provide delayed results and trail many important preventive activities. Leading indicators measure safety activities which occur independent of accidents and incidents. Regular tailgate talks for constmction crews is one form of leading indicator. 

Cross-talk measurements were compared between loaded and unloaded sensors. Levels of noise of 15 mV were noted on the unloaded sensors, while adjacent loaded sensors had noise of 7.S V. Thermal insulation was required to prevent the pyroelectric effect from overwhelming the piezoelectric effect utilized during the measurement. 

A.906. Information shall be provided on the types of cable used. The adequacy of the measures employed to separate the cables in order to maintain redundancies, prevent cross-talk and provide fire protection shall be demonstrated. 

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