Opaque insulation materials

Mesa shaped photodiodes are formed in an HgCdTe substrate 1. A thin film 5 of an opaque insulating material is formed at regions surrounding the photodiodes. Electrical connections 7 are made to connection pads 6 which are connected to each photodiode and to the substrate. 

Transparent or translucent insulating materials (TIMs) can provide light or solar gains without view. TIMs typically have thermal properties similar to conventional opaque insulation and are thicker than conventional insulating glass units, providing significant resistance to heat transfer. 

Encasing constructions can be used with several membrane layers to form an intermediate space that can be filled with air or another insulating material, making U-values from 2.7 to 0.8 W/m K possible. U-values down to even 0.2 W/m can be obtained by using opaque, flexible mineral fibre fills or translucent insulating material, for example blister foils, as well as reflecting intermediate layers which are commonly used in space technology (ref LPS see Rg. 3.12). 

Figure 4S.1 An example of aerogel as a high-performance thermal insulation material for opaque building applications [4],...

Bulk metals are opaque throughout the entire visible spectrum—that is, all light radiation is either absorbed or reflected. However, electrically insulating materials can be made to be transparent. Furthermore, some semiconducting materials are transparent, whereas others are opaque. 

This chapter is a review of the two major allotropes graphite and diamond, which are both produced extensively by CVD. The properties of these two materials can vary widely. For instance, diamond is by far the hardest-known material, while graphite can be one of the softest. Diamond is transparent to the visible spectrum, while graphite is opaque diamond is an electrical insulator, while graphite is a conductor. 

While many properties of EAPs are also found in other materials, EAPs exhibit unique combinations of properties that have led to use in a variety of applications. Perhaps the most promising feature of EAPs is the switchable nature of many of the properties. The ability to reversibly switch EAPs between insulating and conducting, opaque and transparent, absorptive and emissive, or expanded and contracted drives much of the current EAP research. 

Ot h6r. Synthetic marble fixtures and bathtubs are made using methacrylic ester polymers (145,146). Opaque and clear methacrylate sheets have been used as structural components in the manufacture of recreational vehicles (147). These materials are additionally used for electrical insulation. Thermoplastic methacrylate resins are used in lacquer coatings for plastics, in printing inks, as heat seal lacquers for packaging, as screen printing media for decorative porcelain, in traffic paints, and for the protection of buildings from acid rain and weathering (148). Other copolymer used are discussed in the article Ester Polymers. 

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