System ethyl acetate

Figure 6-3. Residuals for the system ethyl acetate(1)-n-propanol(2) at eooc. Data of Murti and van Winkle, 1958.

Acetic acid-water Pinched system Ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, diethyl ether, dichloroethane, butyl acetate ... 

For example, the lycopene available on the market is supplied mainly by LycoRed (www.lycored.com), a company that uses a classical extraction system (ethyl acetate as solvent) and maintains a monopoly position for lycopene production on a large scale. The manufacturing of the Lyc-O-Mato oleoresin (recognized by European Regulation 258/97/EC) product of LycoRed is almost identical to the production of the food additive and includes physical operations to separate the pulp from ripe tomatoes extracted according to GMPs and lSO-9002-certified procedures. The final product contains 6 to 15% lycopene the total lycopene recovery from pulp reaches 85% and from paste around 50%. 

As an example, the system ethyl acetate-acetic acid-water can be used and equilibrium data using the UNIQUAC equation calculated [6]. Using the NRTL equation would have given similar results. 

Fig. 10.2 Liquid-liquid equilibrium for the system ethyl acetate-acetic acid-water at 303 K.

J. Acosta, A. Arce, J. Martinez-Ageitos, E. Rodil, A. Soto, Vapour-liquid equilibrium of the ternary system ethyl acetate + hexane + acetona at 101.32kPa, J. Chem. Eng. Data 47 (2002) 849-854. 

Pentazocine is identified in the combination product pentazocine hydrochloride and aspirin tablets by a method given in Addendum a, 2nd Supplement of USP XX. A silica gel TLC system is used with the solvent system ethyl acetate methanol formic acid (90 5 5). Detection is by UV, iodine vapor and iodoplatinate spray (4). 

Mertl, I. Liquid—vapor equilibrium. II. Phase equilibriums in the ternary system ethyl acetate—ethanol—water. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1972, 37, 366-374. 

Fig. 15. Steady-state number size distribution versus rpm from Monte Carto simulation, batch system, ethyl acetate (d)-water (c), 4> = 0.041 [after Zeitlin and Tavlarides (Z2)].

In fig. 20.2 we show the molar volume of the system ethyl acetate + aniline at - 9 °C. A solution of aniline in ethyl acetate up to a mole fraction of 0-05 can be regarded, as far as the behaviour of the density... 

Fig. 20.2. Molar volume as function of composition for the system ethyl acetate (1) + aniline (2) at - 9 °C.

Solvent system Ethyl acetate + water + formic add (67+20+13) Ethyl acetate + formic acid + acetic add + water (100+11+11+27)... 

Solvent system Ethyl acetate + methanol + cone, ammonia solution (65 + 20 + 15 v/v)... 

The screening system A does not produce sharply separated zones of flavonoid glycosides. For positive identification, chromatography should be repeated in the specific flavonoid solvent system ethyl acetate-formic acid-glacial acetic acid-water (100 11 11 26). 

Solvent system Ethyl acetate-methanol-water (100 13.5 10) 10 cm... 

Cochineal extract (Colour Index 75470, E 120)is the final alcohol-free material obtained after aqueous ethanolic extraction of the dried bodies of the female scale insect Dactylopius coccus Costa which lives on cacti such as Opuntia or Nopalea coccinellifera a species indigenous to Peru and Mexico, although also found in the Canary Islands. In practice a simpler procedure consists of aqueous alkaline extraction. The colourant principle is carminic acid which is more well-known in the form of carmine, an aluminium chelate of carminic acid, a material insoluble in water and stable on the acidic side. A uv spectrophotometric study has been made (ref. 21). Thin layer chromatography of cochineal has been examined on acetylated cellulose with the solvent system, ethyl acetate-tetrahydrofuran-water (6 35 47) in which the Rf was 0.94 (refs.22,23). The history of the chemistry of cochineal has been discussed (ref.24). 

Ruether and Lu [46] elaborated numerical methods which were tested on the systems ethyl acetate-ethanol, ethanol-water and methanol-benzene. An azeotrope can in some cases also be made to disapjiear by increasing the pressure. 

Nair and co-workers [8] have coupled of semi-continuous NF with the Heck reaction. The objective was the synthesis of trans-stilbene from styrene and iodobenzene using Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)2 as catalyst and Pjo-tolyljj as stabilizing agent. They used solvent-resistant membranes and different aqueous/solvent systems (ethyl acetate and acetone/H20 methyl tert-butyl ether and acetone/H20 tetra-hydrofuran/H20). The best conversion was obtained with the first-mentioned solvent mixture. A selectivity of 100% of trans-stilbene with a cumulative turnover number of 1200 was reported, where the rejection of the catalyst turned out to be as high as 97%. Therefore, the authors concluded that NF was a convenient technique to run catalytic reactions with catalyst recycling, since this method saves the catalyst, prevents the metal contamination of the products, and increases reactor productivity. 

Furzer, I. A., Critical distillation experiments in a region near the homogeneous ternary azeotrope in the system ethyl acetate ethanol water. 2001. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(3) 990 992. 

Figure 1.1 Separation of complex standard lipid mixtures on a 20 cm x 20 cm high-performance thin-layer chromatography plate using four developments. The first development was up to a distance of 5 cm above the origin in the solvent system ethyl acetate/1-propanol/chloroform/ methanol/0.025% KCl, 25 25 25 10 9 vol./vol. The second development was up to 8 cm above the origin in the solvent system toluene/ether/ethanol/acetic acid, 60 40 1 0.23 vol./vol. The third development was to the full length (9 cm) in the solvent system hexane/diethyl ether, 94 6 vol./ vol., followed by the last development to full length in hexane. The plates were freed of solvent between developments by blowing with hot air. Reproduced with permission from Yao, J. K. and Rastetter, G. M., Microanalysis of complex tissue lipids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, Analytical Biochemistry, 150, 111-16.

Trimble and Dunlop [Ind, Eng, Chem., Anal, Ed, 12, 721 (1940)], report equilibrium data for the system ethyl acetate-water-furfural. They state further that when an aqueous solution of furfural containing 7% furfural was extracted countercurrently by an equal weight of ester in an 8-ft. packed tower, 99.9% of the furfural was removed. Compute the values of HTUori and H.E.T.S. 

The rate of esterification of acetic, propionic, citric, butyric, malic, succinic, lactic, and tartaric acids at three different pH s over a 30- to 60-day period was determined by Espil and Peynaud (1936). They showed that none of the ethyl esters of the polyhydric alcohols contribute to the aroma and would not even if present at ten times their normal amounts. Tomaghelli (1937) studied the rate of esterification of the system acetic acid-ethyl alcohol and that of saponification of the system ethyl acetate-water at 100° C. (212° F.) for 500 hours and at 150° C. (302° F.) for 320 hours. 

Linek, J. Proehazka, K. Wichterle, I. Liquid-vapor equilibrium. LIV. The systems ethyl acetate - benzene, ethyl acetate -toluene and ethyl acetate - ethylbenzene Collect. Czech. Chem. Commim. 1972,37. 3010-3014... 

Nagata, I. Yamada, T. Nakagawa, S. Excess Gibbs free energies and heats of mixing for binary systems ethyl acetate with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol J. Chem- Eng. Data 1975,20,271-275... 

After recording the Revalues using as a solvent system ethyl acetate and hexane (1 4), determine what solvent system is needed to obtain values between 0.3—0.4 for each of the following systems benzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, and cyclohexanol. 

---