System ethanol

Significance of Enthalpy of Mixing for the System Ethanol(1)-n-Hexane(2)... 

Fig. XI-11. Relation of adsorption from binary liquid mixtures to the separate vapor pressure adsorption isotherms, system ethanol-benzene-charcoal (n) separate mixed-vapor isotherms (b) calculated and observed adsorption from liquid mixtures. (From Ref. 143.)...

Three types of binary equilibrium cui ves are shown in Fig. 13-27. The y-x diagram is almost always plotted for the component that is the more volatile (denoted by the subscript 1) in the region where distillation is to take place. Cui ve A shows the most usual case, in which component 1 remains more volatile over the entire composition range. Cui ve B is typical of many systems (ethanol-water, for example) in which the component that is more volatile at lowvalues of X becomes less volatile than the other component at high values of X. The vapor and liquid compositions are identical for the homogeneous azeotrope where cui ve B crosses the 45° diagonal. A heterogeneous azeotrope is formed with two liquid phases by cui ve C,... 

Equilibrium data for the system ethanol-water, at 760 mmHg, mol fractions... 

Grunwald, E. Berkowitz, B. J., The measurement and correlation of acid dissociation constants for carboxylic acids in the system ethanol-water. Activity coefficients and empirical activity functions, j. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 4939 -944 (1951). 

Gutbezahl, B. Grunwald, E., The acidity and basicity scale in the system ethanol-water. The evaluation of degenrate activity coefficients for single ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 565-574 (1953). 

Bottom Product B with a straight line joining the Distillate D and Entrainer Feed E, as shown in Figure 12.24. Pinch point curves for the middle section can now be constructed by drawing tangents to the residue curves from the difference point (net overhead product). This is shown in Figure 12.25 for the system ethanol-water-ethylene glycol. The area bounded by the pinch point curves defines the middle section operation leaf. 

Sketch the distillation line map (residue curve map) for the system ethanol-ethyl acetate-methanol at 1 atm and 5 atm from the data in Table 12.1. Does the system have a distillation boundary Is the position of the boundary sensitive to pressure ... 

Kretschmer, C.B., Nowakowska, J., Wiebe, R. (1948) Densities and liquid-vapor equilibria of the system ethanol-isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) between 0 and 50°. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 1785-1790. 

Figure 12. The influence of H202 on the analysis of catechol (CAT) by GC [61]. Aqueous CAT solutions (50 mL in each of 40 flasks) with concentrations of (a) 0.04, (b) 0.08, (c) 0.12, and (d) 0.16 mol/L were mixed with different amount of 30 wt% H202 (0-2.0 mL), and immediately injected into GC system. Ethanol was used as the inner standard. [Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ma, N. Ma, Z. Yue, Y. H. Gao, Z. J. Mol. Catal. A 2002, 184, 361-370.]...

Data for the system ethanol + butanol at 1 atm are taken from the collection of Kogan et al. (1966, 1038). The values of jc/(100—jc), y/(100 — y), and a are calculated and plotted. The plot on linear coordinates shows that relative volatility does not plot linearly with x, but from the linear log-log plot it appears that... 

With nonionic PEO emulsifiers, intermolecular interactions vary with temperature and types of metal ions and solvents. At low temperatures, nonionic emulsifiers are hydrophilic and form normal micelles. At higher temperatures they are lipophilic and form reverse micelles. A weak interaction with metal ions favors the stability of associates against moisture. On the other hand, a strong interaction may lead to a completely amorphous system. Ethanol as a co-solvent is a moderate solvent for PEO at low temperatures, but its power improves as the temperature is raised [34]. This means that solutions of the PEO copolymers in water and ethanol have opposing temperature coefficients of solubility negative for water and positive for ethanol. 

The nitroxidc (IV) (see Section I) was used as a spin label in connection with a study relevant to vitamin B12 coenzyme, which is of type Co (III)—R (R = 5 -deoxyadenosyl) and thus an analog of IV, but with a different axial group R (193). Compound (IV), which we may abbreviate Co(III) — R, was prepared from a Co(I) precursor Bi2s and R Br, and was found to bind to the enzyme ethanolaminc-ammonia-lyase (in this system ethanol-amine is converted to acetaldehyde). By ESR it was concluded that the active site is relatively close to the enzyme surface (sec also Section V,B). 

For the system ethanol(l)/toluene(2), the following are recommended values for the Wi parameters ... 

Table III. Modified van Laar Coefficients for the System Ethanol—Ethylene Glycol—Water...

Synergistic effects are observed in the Ru/Rh [30] and Ru/Co [29, 31] catalytic systems. Ethanol is efficiently formed from methyl formate with a Ru/HCl catalyst. CO and hydrogen are produced in situ at pressures sufficiently high to induce homologation of the methyl group [32]. 

Data for the system ethanol + butanol at 1 atm are taken from the collection of Kogan (1966, 1038). The values of... 

For simple coacervation induced by non-solvent addition in aqueous systems, ethanol, acetone, dioxane, isopropanol, and propanol are the most preferred to cause polymer desolvation and phase separation. In organic systems, mainly non-polar solvents. 

Design a suitable sieve plate for conditions below the feed point. Equilibrium data for the system ethanol-water, at 760 mmHg, mol fractions ethanol ... 

Ap2=Ap+plAx2 The smaller the value chosen for Ax2, the more precise is the method.t Fig. 21.11 shows the excellent agreement obtained between observed and calculated partial vapour pressures for the system ethanol H- chloroform at 45 °C. 

Fig. 21.11. Partial pressures calculated from the total pressure curve by Boissonnas method (points) compared with observed partial pressures (full lines) for the system ethanol (1) + chloroform (2) at 45 °C.

When only the molecules of one component, say A, are associated e,g. in the system ethanol + carbon tetrachloride), it is more convenient to employ as system of reference a very dilute solution of A in B. As 1 A is present as monomers only. It follows that in this reference system and hence from (26.11) that... 

If we accept equation (26.59) appreciating its limitations, we may estimate the concentration of the various complexes by employing (26.52). This has been done for the system ethanol + cyclohexane at a series of concentrations and the results are shown in fig. 26.7. 

Fig. 26.12. Concentration of monomolecules of alcohol in the system ethanol + carbon tetrachloride + ethyl acetate (concentrations in volume per cent.) dotted line corresponds to no association.

The influence of association on phase separation as expressed by table 26.3 has been verified quite recently by Huet, Philippot and Bono for the system ethanol + carbon disulphide. This system has an upper consolute temperature at... 

Calvar N, Gonzalez B, Gomez E, et al. Vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system ethanol + water+l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl-sulfate and the corresponding binary systems containing the ionic liquid at 101.3 kpa. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2008. 53, 820-825. 

Table 1. Results for the ternary system ethanol/water/l-pentanol (DISTIL).

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