Integrated systems ethanol

Table 31. Net Energy Production Ratios for Ethanol Production from Com in Integrated System ...

Development and Application of an Integrated System for Monitoring Ethanol Content of Fuels... 

The new system was applied for standard ethanol solutions prepared in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 7.0). Extracted ethanol solutions were also used with 10% (w/v) NaCl by NBR 13992 1997 from gasohol blends (12) (Brazilian Association Technical Standard). Table 3 shows the concentrations of the extracted ethanol solutions measured by HPLC and respective gasoholblends. This new integrated system biosensor-FIA was used for the range of 0.05-1.5 g of ethanol/L, and good results were obtained compared with the ethanol content measured by the HPLC standard method. 

There have been many simple modifications to airlift bioreactors for specific applications. For example, a novel airlift loop fermenter (schematic unavailable in the literature) utilizes a side arm. The external loop in this integrated system overcomes the problem of ethanol inhibition by continuously stripping ethanol from the fermentation broth and recovering it by condensation. This is suitable for the simultaneous production and recovery of ethanol. ... 

The detection range of 0.05 to 1.5 g ethanol/1, obtained with the system FIA-I, working with only one microreactor, was changed to 0.001 to 0.066 g ethanol/1 when a second microreactor was introduced in the FIA-I line, packed with the immobilized HRP (integrated system II), to reuse both enzymes in successive analysis. That instrument permitted the analysis of low ethanol contents, in highly diluted solutions. The analysis cost will decrease once the immobilized enzymes could be reused, in successive measurements, always using the same immobilized lot. On the other hand, the enzymes lose the activity when they are reused in successive analyses [4]. 

Integrated system Immobilized enzymes Dilution Detection range (g ethanol/1) Linear range (g ethanol/1) Detection limit (g ethanol/1)... 

Liu, H. et al (2015) Integrated, systems metabolic picture of acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum. 

Figure 4.4 Illustration of the heat integration approach. Upper left base case with no integration between ethanol and ethylene process. Upper right heat and material integration between the two processes. Lower heat and material integration and design of a utility system to enable site-wide heat integration...

The features of the monoHthic integrated sensor systems have not yet been fully exploited. The almost linear relationship between input reference voltage and microhotplate temperature renders the systems suitable for applying any temperature modulation protocol. Due their compatibility with other CMOS-based chemical sensors the microhotplates can be also combined with, e.g., polymer-based mass sensitive, calorimetric or capacitive sensors. The co-integration with such sensors can help to alleviate problems resulting from cross-sensitivities of tin-oxide based sensors to, e.g., volatile compounds such as hydrocarbons. A well-known problem is the crosssensitivity of tin oxide to humidity or ethanol. The co-integration of a capacitive sensor, which does not show any sensitivity to CO, could help to independently assess humidity changes. 

The generation of hydrogen from ethanol via catalytic autothermal partial oxidation (Equation 6.18) has been performed at temperatures of 430-730 °C using catalytic systems based on noble metals [202, 203]. Ethanol oxidation follows a very complex pathway, including several reaction intermediates formed and decomposed on both the supports and active metals that integrate the catalytic systems [204, 205]. 

---