Synthetic polymers nomenclature

In principle, a comprehensive structure-based system of naming copolymers would be desirable. However, such a system presupposes a knowledge of the structural identity of all the constitutional units as well as their sequential arrangements within the polymer molecules this information is rarely available for the synthetic polymers encountered in practice. For this reason, the proposals presented in this Report embody an essentially source-based nomenclature system. 

In the early days of macromolecular chemistry, synthetic polymers were simply labeled according to the monomer from which they were prepared. Thus, ethylene polymers became poly(ethylenes), styrene polymers became poly(styrenes), and those from lactams became poly (lactams). In other cases, the choice of name was provided by a characteristic group occurring in the final polymer. Thus, polymers from diamines and dicarboxylic acids were called polyamides, and those from diols and dicarboxylic acids were called polyesters. This phenomenological nomenclature fails, of necessity, when more than one kind of monomeric unit can be formed from a given monomer. 

Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in the personal care industry. Chapter 6 strives to address this rather broad topic in a straightforward and easily readable fashion. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of how synthetic polymers are made and the nomenclature used to describe some of the more basic structural principles of synthetic polymers. It expands to address many of the synthetic polymers used in personal care formulations based principally on their primary mode of operation, including thickening polymers, fixative polymers, conditioning polymers, and encapsulating polymers, the last subject becoming more important as formulators develop more sophisticated topical systems to deliver active materials. 

The pinnacle of synthetic polymer branching must reside in a new generation of polymers known as dendrimers (Fig. 2) (5,6). Dendrimers are typically branched condensation polymers in which the branching is so well controlled that the polymers grow in well-defined rows described in the dendrimer nomenclature as generations. The use of dendrimers in cosmetics is only beginning as these polymers are currently costly and not readily available in commercial quantities. 

Polynucleotides composed of repeatins sequences or of unknown sequence may be representedby either of two systems essentially identical with those devised and recommended by the lUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Macromolecules and by the American Chemical Society s Polymer Nomenclature Commission (see also Synthetic Polypeptides [6]). 

Organic Polymers, Natural and Synthetic 610 Appendix 1 Units, Constants, and Reference Data 635 Appendix 2 Properties of the Elements 641 Appendix 3 Exponents and Logarithms 643 Appendix 4 Nomenclature of Complex Ions 648 Appendix 5 Molecular Orbitals 650... 

Graphic representations (chemical formulae) of macromolecules are used extensively in the scientific literature on polymers including lUPAC documents on macromolecular nomenclature. This document establishes rules for the unambiguous representation of macromolecules by chemical formulae. The rules apply principally to synthetic macromolecules. Insofar as is possible, these rules are consistent with the formulae given in lUPAC documents [2-4] and they also cover the presentation of formulae for irregular macromolecules [5], copolymer molecules [1, 6] and star macromolecules. 

Physically persistent stabilizers classified as functionalized oligomers or polymers can be synthesized by polyreactions of functionalized monomers and/or by polymer analogous reactions exploiting the reactivity of functionalized reactive low molecular weight compounds with polymeric substrates. For a detailed classification of synthetical approaches, the classification principle used in Houben-Weyl [42] was adopted. The nomenclature of functionalized polymers is based on the monomer s unit principle. Abbreviations of conventional polymers are used as recommended by [1, 2]. 

Nomenclature of Inorganic Polymers, Synthetic Liquid Crystals... 

The publication by Chiang et al. [1] led to a huge surge in interest in synthetic metals. In less than a decade, most of the monomer building blocks that we know today had been identified and many procedures for polymeric synthesis had been established. The chemical structures are illustrated in Figure 1.1. (In the nomenclature used in Figure 1.1, polyacetylene would be called polyvinylene. This is because some - common - names derive from the compound that is polymerized, while others, more correctly according to lUPAC conventions, use the monomeric unit in the product polymer.)... 

Nylon is a polyamide. In industry it is produced by reaction of two difunctional monomers (or comonomers) a dicarboxyUc add and a diamine. The polymer that you are going to study is of great historical significance in polymer chemistry, because it was the first of the pol) amides to be recognized as possessing excellent physical properties for forming very strong fibers. Nylon-6,6 was, in fact, the first commerdally produced synthetic polyamide.The"6,6" nomenclature refers to the number of carbon atoms in each of the two comonomers. Industrially, nylon-6,6 is prepared from 1,6-hexanediamine (hexamethylenediamine) and hexanedioic acid (adipic add) ... 

---