Synthetic fibers dyeing

Modem civilization consumes vast quantities of organic compounds. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are primary sources of carbon compounds for use in production of energy and as starting materials for the preparation of plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, agricultural chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, rubbers and other elastomers, paints and other surface coatings, medicines and drugs, perfumes and flavors, antioxidants and other preservatives, as well as asphalts, lubricants, and solvents that are derived from petroleum. 

Urea is used in the manufacture of urea-formaldehyde plastics, adhesives, polymers, synthetic fibers, dyes etc. 

Oraid Liq. [Dyebo] Chelating complex boU-df and scouring agent fv synthetic fibers dye assistant. 

Oraid Liq. [Dycho] Chelatir complex boil-scouring agent to synthetic fibers dye assistant... 

The diazonium salt of 2-aminothiazole couples with 2-dimethylamino-4-phenylthiazole, giving the corresponding azo dye (194) (Scheme 123) used for dyeing synthetic fibers (404). 

The use of 2-aminothiazole derivatives as dyeing compounds is direct related to the development of synthetic fibers. Some typical examples are given in Table VI-14. The importance of these dyes lies in their performance on acetate fibers. They have excellent fastness to gas fumes, produce a bright blue shade, and have a high tinctorial strength. Their only disadvantage is their relatively low light fastness, which does limit their application. 

Methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes are contained in coke-oven tar and in certain petroleum fractions in significant amounts. A typical high temperature coke-oven coal tar, for example, contains ca 3 wt % of combined methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes (6). In the United States, separation of individual isomers is seldom attempted instead a methylnaphtha1 ene-rich fraction is produced for commercial purposes. Such mixtures are used for solvents for pesticides, sulfur, and various aromatic compounds. They also can be used as low freezing, stable heat-transfer fluids. Mixtures that are rich in monomethyinaphthalene content have been used as dye carriers (qv) for color intensification in the dyeing of synthetic fibers, eg, polyester. They also are used as the feedstock to make naphthalene in dealkylation processes. PhthaUc anhydride also can be made from m ethyl n aph th al en e mixtures by an oxidation process that is similar to that used for naphthalene. 

Sulfur dyes are used mainly for dyeing textile ceUulosic materials or blends of ceUulosic fibers (qv) with synthetic fibers such as acryUc fibers, polyamides (nylons), and polyesters. They are also used for sHk (qv) and paper (qv) in limited quantities for specific appHcations. Solubilized sulfur dyes are used on certain types of leathers (qv). 

Dyestuffs. The use of thiophene-based dyestuffs has been largely the result of the access of 2-amino-3-substituted thiophenes via new cycHzation chemistry techniques (61). Intermediates of type (8) are available from development of this work. Such intermediates act as the azo-component and, when coupled with pyrazolones, aminopyrazoles, phenols, 2,6-dihydropyridines, etc, have produced numerous monoazo disperse dyes. These dyes impart yeUow—green, red—green, or violet—green colorations to synthetic fibers, with exceUent fastness to light as weU as to wet- and dry-heat treatments (62-64). 

Stannic chloride is also used widely as a catalyst in Eriedel-Crafts acylation, alkylation and cycHzation reactions, esterifications, halogenations, and curing and other polymerization reactions. Minor uses are as a stabilizer for colors in soap (19), as a mordant in the dyeing of silks, in the manufacture of blueprint and other sensitized paper, and as an antistatic agent for synthetic fibers (see Dyes, application and evaluation Antistatic agents). 

Nearly all dye manufacturers use letters and numerals in the names of their products to define the hue. Thus B is blue G, yellow (gelb in German) or green R, red and Y, yellow. Numerals, ie, 2G (or GG), 3G, 4G, etc indicate, in this case, a successively yellower or greener shade. Occasionally, suffixed letters are used to feature other properties such as solubiHty, lightfastness, brightness, and use on synthetic fibers. 

Azo Dyes. The Colourindex classifications of dyes depend more on their historical eady use than on their stmctures, eg. Oil Orange is named Solvent Yellow 14, and a yellow for synthetic fibers is Disperse Yellow 23. 

It is difficult for dye solutions in water to penetrate synthetic fibers such as polyester, cellulose triacetate, polyamides, and polyacryUcs which are somewhat hydrophobic. The rate of water imbibition differs with each fiber as shown in Table 1 as compared to viscose (see Fibers, regenerated CELLULOSics), which imbibes water at the rate of 100% (1). The low imbibition rate is attributed to the high T obtained when the polymeric fibers are drawn. During this drawing operation the polymer chains become highly oriented and tightly packed, forming a stmcture practically free of voids. 

The appearance of synthetic fibers in the 1920s accelerated the further development of anthraquinone dyes. Soon after British Celanese succeeded in commerciali2ing cellulose acetate fiber in 1921, anthraquinone disperse dyes for this fiber were invented by Stepherdson (British Dyestuffs Corp.) and Celatenes (Scottish Dyes) independendy. Anthraquinone disperse dyes for polyester fiber were developed after the introduction of this fiber by ICI and Du Pont in 1952. These dyes were improved products of the disperse dyes that had been developed for cellulose acetate fiber 30 years before. 

Disperse dyes are water-iasoluble, aqueous dispersed materials that are used for dyeiag hydrophobic synthetic fibers, including polyester, acetate, and polyamide. 

With the increased awareness of environmental and green issues there has been an increased interest in natural dyes accompanied by a lobby for natural fibers in favor of synthetic fibers. However, studies have shown (3) that if 1990 s volume of cotton were colored with natural dyes, at least 31% of the available world s agricultural land would be needed to cultivate the requisite plants. The estimate is based on it taking, on average, 440 g of fresh dye plant to achieve the same tinctorial effect as 1 g of synthetic dye. 

Disperse Dyes. These are substantially water-insoluble dyes appHed from aqueous dyebath in a finely dispersed form. They are the most important class of dye for dyeing hydrophobic synthetic fibers such as polyester and acetates. 

Hydrophobic Interaction. This is the tendency of hydrophobic groups, especially alkyl chains such as those present in synthetic fibers, and disperse dyes to associate together and escape from the aqueous environment. Hydrophobic bonding is considered (7) to be a combination of van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding taking place simultaneously rather than being a completely new type of bond or intermolecular force. 

In synthetic fibers the number of ionic groups or dye sites is relatively small, and may have been introduced dehberately to make the base polymer dyeable. The restrictions on dye absorption are therefore very great the dye molecule must find an available specific site from among the limited number of sites in the fiber. This situation follows a Langmuir isotherm, where the reciprocal of dye in fiber 1 /DF is direcdy proportional to the reciprocal of dye in the dyebath 1 /HT. A plot of 1/against 1/H therefore gives a straight line. 

Langmuir isotherms are typically found with ionic synthetic fibers and ionic dyes, eg, dyeing polyacrylonitrile with modified basic dyes, and on hydrophilic fibers in situations when the number of sites becomes very low. This may arise when the internal pH is such that only a small number of sites ionise. 

K. Johnson, Dyeing of Synthetic Fibers, Recent Depelopments, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J., 1974. 

Acetate rayon dyes developed for cellulose acetate and some synthetic fibers. 

Generally, PS containing amine groups are synthesized by condensation of chlorinated PS with amines. These type of resins are widely used as anionic resins.[8] PSs containing imidazol rings have antistatic properties and are used as additives to make dyeing of synthetic fiber materials easy [9] (Scheme [3]). 

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