Synthesis of Hybrid Nanomaterials

First attempts to incorporate pre-formed magnetite colloids within alginate/silica nanocomposites via a spray-drying process have been described, but formation of lepidocrocite y-FeOOH and fayalite Fe2Si04 was observed, attributed to Fe2+ release during the aerosol thermal treatment [53], 

Carrageenans and alginates present different conformations egg-box structure (alginates) and double helices (carrageenan) but both natural biopolymers are able to form gels and consequently, to control nanoparticle growth. 

It is also possible to synthesize metallic nanopartides with k- and i-carrageenan [59]. Both Ag and Au nanoparticles have considerable potential for biochemical analysis [60]. The advantage of Ag nanoparticles is that the range of dyes which remain effective in biological media is much more extensive. On the other hand, in some biological systems, such as cell suspensions, Ag can react positively with the cell and it is well know as a bactericide. Au, Ag and Cu nanoparticles have the ability to 

Chitosan is insoluble at alkaline and neutral pH values but it can form salts with inorganic and organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, lactic add, acetic add and glutamic acid. In contrast to alginates and carrageenans in solution, the amino fundions of chitosan are protonated and the resultant soluble polysaccharide is 

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Dendrimers are a special class of arborescent monodisperse nanometer sized molecules that have been used in the synthesis of Au NPs as surface stabilizers or nanoreactor/templates for nanoparticle growth. Moreover, these hybrid nanomaterials have great potential for application in different fields such as sensors, imaging in cells, electrooptical devices, catalysis, drug delivery agents, and so on. 

The existence of a form of solid carbon where carbynoid species can coexist with sp hybridization has important implications for the achievement of a deeper understanding of the processes leading to the formation of carbon clusters [46], for the synthesis of novel carbon allotropic forms and nanomaterials [1], and for the chemistry of the interstellar medium [12]. 

Penner, R.M. (2001) Hybrid electrochemical/chemical synthesis of semiconductor nanocrystals on graphite, in Electrochemistry of Nanomaterials (ed. G. Modes), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, pp. 1-24. 

Cataldo, R, Angelini, G., LiUa, E., and O. Ursini. 2007. Radiation-induced synthesis of fullerene-silica hybrid nanomaterials. Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures 15 445—463. 

Modern materials science is characterized by a close interplay with physics, chemistry, and biology. This is specially true of nanomaterials, as vividly demonstrated by the methods of synthesis employed for these materials. On the one hand, are the top-down methods which rely on continuous breakup of bulk matter while on the other are the bottom-up methods that build up nanomaterials from their constituent atoms. The top-down and bottom-up approaches can also be considered as physical and chemical methods, respectively. A variety of hybrid methods have since come into being. 

B. K. Teo, ed.. Functional Hybrid Nanomaterials—Design, Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications, Themed Issue of Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Elsevier Science B.V.l 2009, pp. 2785-3066. 

Yang A, Xue Y, Zhao H, li X, Yuan Z. One-pot synthesis of ternary hybrid nanomaterial composed of a porphyrin-functionaUzed graphene, tin oxide, and gold nanoparticles, and its application to the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and uric acid. Microchim Acta 2015 182 341-9. 

Here, the distinct domains of the resulting hybrid polymer are responsible for the self-assembly of the material. It should be noted that there are several other approaches to nanomaterials via ROMP, including the synthesis of dispersed latex nanoparticles, [29-34] hybrid nanoparticles via scaffolded initiation [35-39], and nanoparticles encapsulated in polymer matrices [40,41]. Amphiphilic micellar nanoparticles are by far the most prevalent systems in the literature relevant to a discussion of ROMP in nanoparticle synthesis, particularly those fully characterized in terms of particle formation and morphological characterization of the resulting polymer aggregates. Amphiphilic copolymers synthesized by ROMP that are not studied in this manner [42-45] or those nanoscale architectures involving only covalent interactions [46, 47] are not discussed here. 

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