Synovial cavity

Intra-articular Injection In the Synovial Cavity ol Joints... 

The anti-inflammatory activity and therapeutic potential of evasins have been demonstrated in animal models [67]. Evasin-1 caused a significant reduction in skin inflammation in D6 mice sensitized with TPA and reduced lethahty, decreased leukocyte infiltration and preserved the lung architecture in a lung injury model. Evasin-3 was tested in a mouse model of antigen-induced arthritis and it was found to reduce leukocyte infiltration in the synovial cavity and inflammation. Both evasin-1 and evasin-3 reduced lethality in an intestinal ischemia model. 

Edwards JCW, WiUdnson LS, Jones HM et al. The formation of human synovial cavities a possible role for hyaluronan and CD44 in altered interzone cohesion. J. Anat. 1994 185 355-67. 

Deep to the patellar tendon and superficial to the anterior aspect of the condyles, the intracapsular Hoffa pad appears as a fatty tissue space containing hyperechoic septations (Fig. 14.28). The deep infrapatellar bursa is a small synovial cavity located between the distal portion of the patellar tendon and the anterior aspect of the tibial epiphysis. Occasion-... 

Coleman PJ, Scott D, Ray J, Mason RM, Levick JR. Hyaluronan secretion into the synovial cavity of rabbit knees and comparison with albumin turnover. J Physiol 1997 503(3) 645-56. 

Body fluids may be distributed into several compartments that interact with each other. It is possible to speak of the intracellular fluid, which is the fluid present inside the approximately 100 trillion cells found in the human organism, including red blood cells extracellular fluid, which includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid (fluid found between cells and in lymph), cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, intraocular fluid, and fluids found in the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity, the pericardial cavity, and others. The amounts of some such fluids present in normal individuals are summarized in Table 16.3. Overall, water accounts for 55-67% of an individual s weight. 

Pulmonary emphysema is associated with cigarette smoking in normal individuals, as well as with ajAT deficiency. In smokers, though absolute levels of aiAT are normal, elastase inhibitory activity is depressed [93]. This is due to the oxidation of a critical, reactive centre, methionine residue (met 358) to methionine sulphoxide [94], Likewise, a large proportion of aiAT is also inactivated in the rheumatoid joint cavity [95,96], even when synovial fluid samples are analysed immediately after aspiration [97]. Again,... 

Synovium—Synovial membrane, the inner of the two layers of the articular capsule of a synovial joint, composed of loose connective tissue and having a free smooth surface that lines the joint cavity. It secretes the synovial fluid. 

Gaertner E, Zeren H, Eleming MV, et al. Biphasic synovial sarcomas arising in the pleural cavity A clinicopathologic study of five cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996 20 36-45. 

Figure 4. A tissue section taken through the synovial membrane and underlying connective tissue from a pig that received a single osmarin injection 30 d previously. Synovial cells (SC) appear healthy and line the joint cavity. Numerous sybsynovial macrophages (M) show dense osmarin deposits.

Concentrations of aminoglycosides in secretions and tissues are low. High concentrations are found only in the renal cortex and the inner ear, likely contributing to the aminoglycosides nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Due to active hepatic secretion, concentrations in bile approach 30% of those found in plasma, but this represents a very minor excretory route. Penetration into respiratory secretions is poor. Diffusion into pleural and synovial fluid is relatively slow, but concentrations that approximate those in the plasma may be achieved after repeated administration. Inflammation increases aminoglycoside penetration into peritoneal and pericardial cavities. 

Liang et al. [90, 91] investigated controlled release of methotrexate using a PLLA microsphere delivery system, which was prepared by a solvent evaporation method, in synovial joints for the treatment of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate solution or methotrexate loaded microspheres were injected into the joint of healthy rabbits. The microsphere system showed an initial rapid burst of the drug followed by a slow release phase. In comparison to the solution, the microsphere system retained methotrexate in the joint cavity for a longer time. 

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