Synergetics

Mikhailov AS 994 Foundations of Synergetics i. Distributed Active Sysfems (Berlin Springer)... 

The complex investigation of the heart of IHD patients with Myocardial Infarction (MI) was performed. The results obtained showed that all investigated elements divided in two groups - the behavior in different parts of the heart of the certain elements (e.g., Se-Rb) were synergetic, the behaviour of another one was antagonistic (e.g., K-Ca, Fe-Br). 

Fuller, R. B. (1975). Synergetics Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking. New York Macmillan Publishing Company. 

Prigogine, I., Lefevere, R. Synergetics, Coop. Phenomena Multi-Comp. Syst., 1st Proc. Symp., 1972, Maken H. B. (ed.), p. 125-135... 

A MOF constructed from rhodium paddlewheel clusters linked to porphyrinic ligands already discussed in Section 4.3.1.1 shows an interesting synergetic behavior when the porphyrinic rings are loaded with metals like Cu , Ni , or Pd . In the hydrogenation of olefins, the hydride species at the rhodium center is transferred to the coordinated olefin adsorbed on a metal ion in the center of the porphyrin ring to form an alkyl species, and next this alkyl species reacts with a hydride species activated at the rhodium center to form the alkane [81]. 

Figure 2 shows the conversions obtained with the three series studied, as a function of the mechanical mixtures composition, one hour after the beginning of the reaction and at the steady-state. Each series presents a maximum of activity, but at a different composition. SA6 series has a maximum between R , values of 50 and 75, whereas SA12 series has a maximum around = 50, and SA60 series near R , = 75. The dashed lines on the figures represent the sum of the individual contributions of the pure phases, calculated according to Equation 3. A very important synergetic effect is observed in all series, i.e., the activity of the mixtures is... 

Recently, however, the development of nanotechnology may provide the changes on the research and development of practical catalysts. As mentioned in the previous section we can now design and synthesize a metal nanoparticle with not only various sizes and shapes, but also with various combinations of elements and their locations. Thus, we can now design the synergetic effect of two elements. In the case of core/shell structured bimetallic nanoparticles, the shell element can provide a catalytic site and the core element can give an electronic effect (a ligand effect) on the shell element. Since only the atoms on the surface can be attached by substrates, the thickness of the shell should be an important factor to control the catalytic performance. 

A corrosion-resistant formulation [1767] is achieved by adding phosphonic acid and hydrazine hydrochloride, as shown in Table 18-3. Hydrazine hydrochloride, combined with nitrilo-trimethyl phosphonic acid, provides a synergetic effect of increased inhibition of the plugging solution. 

Whatever the ligand, no improvement was observed by addition of Pd/C, neither on the activity nor on the enantioselectivity indicating that there is no synergetic effect between the two entities. 

Low-temperature activity promotion is an issue in mobile (diesel) applications, but may not be a critical issue in several stationary applications, apart from those where the temperature of the emissions to be treated is below 200°C (for example, when a retrofitting SCR process must be located downstream from secondary exchangers, or in the tail gas of expanders in a nitric acid plant). In the latter cases, a plasmacatalytic process [91] could be interesting. In the other cases, the use of NTP together with the SCR catalyst is not economically viable. However, the synergetic combination of plasma and catalysts has been shown to significantly promote the conversion of hazardous chemicals such as dioxins [92], Although this field has not yet been explored, it may be considered as a new plasmacatalytic SCR process for the combined elimination of NO, CO and dioxins in the emissions from incinerators. 

As heavier analogs of carbenes141) stannylenes can be used as ligands in transition-metal chemistry. The stability of carbene complexes is often explained by a synergetic c,7t-effect cr-donation from the lone electron pair of the carbon atom to the metal is compensated by a a-backdonation from filled orbitals of the metal to the empty p-orbital of the carbon atom. This concept cannot be transferred to stannylene complexes. Stannylenes are poor p-a-acceptors no base-stabilized stannylene (SnX2 B, B = electron donor) has ever been found to lose its base when coordinated with a transition metal (M - SnXj B). Up to now, stannylene complexes of transition metals were only synthesized starting from stable monomoleeular stannylenes. Divalent tin compounds are nevertheless efficient cr-donors as may be deduced from the displacement reactions (17)-(20) which open convenient routes to stannylene complexes. 

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