Synchrotron radiation small-angle x-ray scattering

A systematic study on the structural polymorphism of lipid A and LPS Re with synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering showed, that at lower water content (<70 w%) and higher concentration of divalent cations such as Mg2+ ([lipid A] [ Mg2+] < 3 1 molar ratio), only multilamellar structures are formed (Brandenburg et al., 1990, 1992). In contrast, at high water content and... 

Kobayashi H, Shio3ra M, Tanaka T and Irisawa T (2007) Synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering study on fracture process of carbon nanotube/poly(ethylene terephthalate) composite films. Compos Sci Technol 67 3209-3218. 

Small angle X-ray scattering measurements were performed using the synchrotron radiation of the DCI storage ring at LURE (Universite d Orsay,... 

In the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) regime the typical nanostructures (in semicrystalline materials, thermoplastic elastomers) are observed. Because of the long distance between sample and detector time-resolved measurements can only be carried out at synchrotron radiation sources (Sect. 4.2.1.2). 

Rossle, M., Panine, P., Urban, V. S., and Riekel, C. (2004). Structural evolution of regenerated silk fibroin under shear Combined wide- and small-angle x-ray scattering experiments using synchrotron radiation. Biopolymers 74, 316-327. Rousseau, M. E., Lefevre, T., Beaulieu, L., Asakura, T., and Pezolet, M. (2004). Study of protein conformation and orientation in silkworm and spider silk fibres using Raman microspectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 5, 2247-2257. 

The precise structural nature of the CL/DNA complexes is elucidated in high resolution synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments carried out at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (Raedler et al., 1997 Salditt et al., 1997, 1998 Koltover et al., 1999 Lin et al 2000). 

Hiragi, Y., Inoue, H., Sano, Y., Kajiwara, K., Ueki, T., and Nakatani, H. "Dynanic mechanism of the self-assembly process of tobacco mosaic virus studied by rapid temperature-jump small-angle x-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation", f. Mol. Biol. 213,495-502 (1990). 

The principle of a small angle X-ray scattering experiment using synchrotron radiation (SR) is illustrated in Fig. 2. The optical system selects X-rays with a wavelength of 0.15 nm and a narrow band-width (A V ) 5 10 . This beam is focused on the detector with an adequate cross section at the sample position. The incident beam intensity I, which follows the slow decay of the current in the storage... 

This article is intended to give a survey of the application of synchrotron radiation (S.R.) in polymer science. Although several experimental techniques exist in the field of polymer physics and chemistry which could exploit the advantages of S.R., the main effort lies on the various X-ray scattering methods. Especially numerous time resolved small-angle X-ray scattering measurements facilitated by S.R. for the first time and many questions that have been answered by these experiments. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments using synchrotron radiation (SR) are performed at present mainly in the areas of real time scattering and anomalous dispersion.1 Typical applications are the study of melting or recrystallisation of semicrystalline polymers [4, 5], phase separation of alloys [6], muscle diffraction and stopped flow experiments on dissolved biopolymers [7, 8]. Anomalous dispersion has been exploited in order to determine partial structure factors in alloys [9] or polymers containing heavy atoms [10],... 

Lode, U. et al. (1998). Development of crazes in polycarbonate, investigated by ultra small angle X-ray scattering of synchrotron radiation, Macromol. Rapid Commun. Vol. 19 (1998), pp.35-39... 

More recently, we demonstrated that anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) can be used for the same purpose if rubidium counterions are used. Here the K-absorption edge can be reached by use of synchrotron radiation of suitable energy. The contrast of the Rb counterions is markedly diminished while the contrast of the core and the polyelectrolyte chains stays constant. Hence, using the anomalous dispersion of the Rb ions, the scattering contribution of the macroion and the counterions can be determined separately. 

Jemian, P.R., Long, G.G., Lofaj, F., and Wiederhorn, S.M. (2000) Anomalous Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering from evolving microstructures during creep, in MRS Symposium 590, Applications of Synchrotron Radiation Techniques to Materials Science V (eds S.R. Stock S.M. Mini, and D.L. Perry), MRS, Warrendale, PA, pp. 131-136. 

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