Radiation X-rays

Rontgen-kunde, -lehre, /. roentgenology, -licht, n. X-ray radiation, X rays, -messer, m. roentgenometer. 

The method by which incident radiation interacts with the medium to cause ionization may be direct or indirect. Electromagnetic radiations (x rays and gamma photons) are indirectly ionizing that is, they give up their energy in various interactions with cellular molecules, and the energy is then utilized to produce a... 

The Moon Metal was published in 1900 after the discoveries of radiation, X-rays, and cathode rays. Then, perhaps due to its increasing relevance after the discovery of atomic transmutation by Rutherford and Soddy at McGill in 1901-1902, it was republished in a magazine in 1905. Serviss explores the implications of the mysterious science of cathode rays for the world economy by using conventions from gothic fiction—including the sinister and mysterious villain who seems to use occult powers, and alchemy in particular, to further his nefarious schemes. 

Whereas Table 2 presents some radiation terms that are pertinent to the following discussion, Table 3 lists the radioisotopes and their half-lives that are suitable to microautoradiography. Of the two types of nuclear radiation, i.e., wavelike electromagnetic radiation (X-ray and gamma ray) and corpuscular radiation (electrons, beta particles, and alpha particles) the latter are the most employable for microautoradiography. The reader is referred to Slater (20) for in-depth discussion of all aspects of radiobiology. 

This chapter deals with the study of structural properties of catalysts and catalytic model surfaces by means of interference effects in scattered radiation. X-ray diffraction is one of the oldest and most frequently applied techniques in catalyst characterization. It is used to identify crystalline phases inside catalysts by means of lattice structural parameters, and to obtain an indication of particle size. Low energy electron diffraction is the surface sensitive analog of XRD, which, however, is only applicable to single crystal surfaces. LEED reveals the structure of surfaces and of ordered adsorbate layers. Both XRD and LEED depend on the constructive interference of radiation that is scattered by relatively large parts of the sample. As a consequence, these techniques require long-range order. 

Riekel, C., Madsen, B., Knight, D., and Vollrath, F. (2000). X-ray diffraction on spider silk during controlled extrusion under a synchrotron radiation X-ray beam. Biomacromolecules 1, 622—626. 

Ionizing radiation (X-rays, a, / , y) Cathode rays (electron beams) Electric field... 

Figure 10.13 In situ synchrotron radiation X-ray topographs of the interface between melt and solid in an AlCu dloy. (Courtesy G.Grange and J.Gastaldi)...

These techniques are usually classitied according to the type of radiation or spectral region in which data are provided, namely, electromagnetic radiation (x-ray, UV, visible, IR, radio, etc.), acoustic radiation, etc. 

As with gamma radiation. X-rays in the steady-state mode have not produced any initiations in any of the expls irradiated. Effects are being directed towards intense, pulsed irradiations in order to simulate nuclear weapons effects. The prospect of higher dose rates in short time frames should produce results not common, to the steady-state irradiation... 

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