Synchronous production

A key focus of supplier development should be the alignment of critical processes that is, new product development, material replenishment and payment. This alignment needs to consider collaborative planning and strategy development. 

It is perhaps the concept of joint strategy development that distinguishes integrated supply chains from mere marriages of convenience. While the customer will always be pre-eminent in the determination of joint strategic goals, involvement of key suppliers in this process benehts all parties. 

Linking upstream production schedules with downstream demand helps to improve material flow. The creation of a seamless network of processes aims to dramatically reduce inventories while greatly enhancing responsiveness. The Japanese concept of heijunka seeks coordination of material movements between different processes in the supply network. Heijunka is often referred to as levelled scheduling, which involves distributing volume and mix evenly over a given time period. Output of each major process in the supply chain therefore matches end-customer demand as closely as possible throughout that time period (Harrison, 2005). 

Transparency of information upstream and downstream is essential for synchronisation to work. For example, the supplier must be able to access the customer s forward production schedules, and the customer must be able to see into the supplier s stockroom. The virtual supply chain envisages partners in the chain being linked together by a common information system, so that information replaces the need for inventories. 

Another approach that seeks to improve synchronous supply chain processes is that of vendor-managed inventory (VMl). Here, the supplier takes responsibility for planning and controlling the customer s inventory (see section 8.4). The advantage is that a large element of imcertainty in the supply chain is removed 

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In the treatment of cellulose pulps one essential criterion for a suitable enzyme preparation is that its cellulase activity should be as low as possible, or preferably absent completely. As even extremely low cellulase activities may ruin pulp quality, Trichoderma enzyme preparations are unlikely to be suitable for these applications. Many bacterial and fungal enzymes with low cellulase activity have been shown to be suitable for treatment of pulps 14, 15, 16,17), Regulation of the often synchronous production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes in micro-organisms is not well understood, and is further complicated by substrate cross-specificity of these enzymes. Enzymes with both endoglucanase and xylanase activity have been reported for bacteria 18, 19) and fungi 20, 21, 22), In addition to selection of strain and... 

Blumenfeld, D.E., L.D. Bums and C.F. Daganzo, Synchronizing Production and Transportation Schedules , Transportation Research, 25B (1991) 23-31. 

Blumenfeld DE, Burns LD, Daganzo CF (1991) Synchronizing production and transportation schedules. Transp Res Part B Methodol 25(l) 23-37... 

Supplier development managing upstream suppliers through integrated processes and synchronous production. 

Flexibility strategy—using utilization as the lever This strategy may be used if there is excess machine capacity (i.e., if machines are not used 24 hours a day, seven days a week) and the workforce shows scheduling flexibility. In this case, the workforce (capacity) is kept stable, but the number of hours worked is varied over time in an effort to synchronize production with demand. A planner can use variable amounts of overtime or a flexible schedule to achieve this synchronization. 

Such transitions may indicate series of synchronized product variations or innovations, as often observed and described by that heuristic regularity usually called the product life cycle. Similarly,... 

HyperChein has two synch ron ons transit meth ods im piemen ted. The linear synchronous transit method (LST) searches for a maximum along a linear path between reactants and products. It may happen that this method will end up with a structure having two or more negative eigenvalues. The quadratic synchronous transit method (QSTlisan improvement of LST approach and searches for a maximum along a parabola connecting reactants and products, and for a minimum in all directions perpendicular to the parabola. 

HyperChem offers a Reaction Map facility under the Setup menu. This is needed for the synchronous transit method to match reactants and products, and depending on X (a parameter having values between 0 and 1, determining how far away from reactants structures a transition structure can be expected) will connect atoms in reactants and products and give an estimated or expected transition structure. This procedure can also be used if the eigenvector following method is later chosen for a transition state search method, i.e., if you just want to get an estimate of the transition state geometry. 

The synchronous transit method is combined with quasi-Newton methods to find transition states. Quasi-Newton methods are very robust and efficient in finding energy minima. Based solely on local information, there is no unique way of moving uphill from either reactants or products to reach a specific reaction state, since all directions away from a minimum go uphill. 

In such reactions the substantial heat of the simultaneous (concerted) formation of the carbonyl groups produced meets the energy requirement (8,16). In the reaction shown (8), the product is the highly fluorescent excited state of 9,10-diphenylanthracene [1499-10-1] (2). It is not necessary for the new carbonyl groups to be a part of the stmcture of the excited product, only that the excited state be formed synchronously with two carbonyl groups. 

A constant field rotating at synchronous speed Ns Figure 1.4 Production ol magnetic field in a 3-0 winding... 

Synchronous generator helps power factor Outage of generator or expander does not affect production... 

First, the designer should choose the type of rectification technology that is most appropriate for the application. The choice is whether to use passive rectification in which semiconductor rectifiers are used or synchronous recification in which power MOSFE B are placed in parallel with a smaller passive rectifier. Synchronous rectifiers are typically used in battery operated portable products where the added efficiency, usually an added two to eight percent, is important to extend the operating life of the battery or in applications where heat is important. In today s switching power supplies, passive rectifiers can dissipate 40 to 60 percent of the total losses within the power supply. Synchronous rectifiers affect only the conduction loss, which can be reduced by as much as 90 percent. 

There are very few synchronous buck controllers on the market that are not targeted to the -i-5 to 1.8 V microprocessor local regulator application (i.e., Vm of -1-12 V and Ki of -i-5 V). Also ICs that bring out enough functions to pins so that one may tailor its performance to the application. I threw out two entire product offerings from two major California companies (not to throw stones) and found only one part that fits my needs, the UC3580-3 from Unitrode/TI. 

The Linear Synchronous Transit (LST) method forms the geometry difference vector between the reactant and product, and locates the highest energy structure along this line. The assumption is that all variables change at the same rate along tire reaction path. 

A simple approach for the formation of 2-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans, which are useful precursors for natural products such as optically active carbohydrates, is the catalytic enantioselective cycloaddition reaction of a,/ -unsaturated carbonyl compounds with electron-rich alkenes. This is an inverse electron-demand cycloaddition reaction which is controlled by a dominant interaction between the LUMO of the 1-oxa-1,3-butadiene and the HOMO of the alkene (Scheme 4.2, right). This is usually a concerted non-synchronous reaction with retention of the configuration of the die-nophile and results in normally high regioselectivity, which in the presence of Lewis acids is improved and, furthermore, also increases the reaction rate. 

A major hurdle to greater efficiency is the constant-speed nature of induction and synchronous motors. Nevertheless, considerable advances have been made in improving motor speed controls that essentially better optimize the motor speed to the task at hand, resulting in substantial energy savings, decreased wear of the mechanical components, and usually increased productivity from the user. 

For reactions of A-acyliminium ions with alkenes and alkynes one has to distinguish between A-acyliminium ions locked in an s-trans conformation and those which (can) adopt an s-cis conformation. The former type reacts as a (nitrogen stabilized) carbocation with a C —C multiple bond. Although there are some exceptions, the intramolecular reaction of this type is regarded as an anti addition to the 7t-nucleophile, with (nearly) synchronous bond formation, the conformation of the transition state determining the product configuration. 

The bacterial culture converts a portion of the supplied nutrient into vegetative cells, spores, crystalline protein toxin, soluble toxins, exoenzymes, and metabolic excretion products by the time of complete sporulation of the population. Although synchronous growth is not necessary, nearly simultaneous sporulation of the entire population is desired in order to obtain a uniform product. Depending on the manner of recovery of active material for the product, it will contain the insolubles including bacterial spores, crystals, cellular debris, and residual medium ingredients plus any soluble materials which may be carried with the fluid constituents. Diluents, vehicles, stickers, and chemical protectants, as the individual formulation procedure may dictate, are then added to the harvested fermentation products. The materials are used experimentally and commercially as dusts, wettable powders, and sprayable liquid formulations. Thus, a... 

Clear evidence in favor of 6.75 being an intermediate came, however, from stereochemistry. If the indazole cyclization takes place at a chiral carbon atom in the exposition of the alkyl group in 6.78, the stereochemistry of the 3-i/-indazole 6.79 can indicate whether the 5-diazo-6-methylene-l,3-cyclohexadiene 6.75 is an intermediate or whether, on the other hand, deprotonation and cyclization are synchronous. In the first case a racemic indazole 6.79 is expected. In the case of a synchronous reaction, however, a stereospecific product, probably with retention of the chirality at Ca, should be observed. 

The conversion of the intermediate, II, to product, III, involves the removal of a proton from nitrogen and the breaking of the bond to the leaving group. These two events may occur in a single, concerted, synchronous process, and a variety of transition states, consistent with such a process, are possible. These warrant discussion. 

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