Sympathomimetic chemicals

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Speed generally contains one or more agents belonging to the drug class of sympathomimetics Chemical Formulas C10H15NO (Ephedrine) C9H13NO (Synephrine) C8H10N4O2 (Caffeine) Chemical Structures ... 

Urine catecholamines may also serve as biomarkers of disulfoton exposure. No human data are available to support this, but limited animal data provide some evidence of this. Disulfoton exposure caused a 173% and 313% increase in urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in female rats, respectively, within 72 hours of exposure (Brzezinski 1969). The major metabolite of catecholamine metabolism, HMMA, was also detected in the urine from rats given acute doses of disulfoton (Wysocka-Paruszewska 1971). Because organophosphates other than disulfoton can cause an accumulation of acetylcholine at nerve synapses, these chemical compounds may also cause a release of catecholamines from the adrenals and the nervous system. In addition, increased blood and urine catecholamines can be associated with overstimulation of the adrenal medulla and/or the sympathetic neurons by excitement/stress or sympathomimetic drugs, and other chemical compounds such as reserpine, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, DDT, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) inhibitors (Brzezinski 1969). For these reasons, a change in catecholamine levels is not a specific indicator of disulfoton exposure. 

Phentolamine is also a derivative of imidazoline that exhibits a direct a-adrenoblocking, muscle-relaxant effect on smooth muscle as well as cholinomimetic, histamine, and sympathomimetic effects. The chemical variation of its stmcture permits a few of its properties to be more expressed. For example, the aforementioned tolazoline, 2-benzyl-2-imidazoline, a structural analog of phentolamine, has more of an expressed muscle-relaxant effect on smooth muscle than an a-adrenoblocking effect. 

Chemical Class Sympathomimetic amine Pj-adrenergic agonist I Clinical Pharmacology ... 

Stevia Stevia rebaudiana) Uses Natural sweetener, hypoglycemic and hypotensive properties Actions Multiple chemical components sweetness d/t glycoside, stevioside hypotensive effect may be d/t diuretic action or vasodilation action Available forms Liq extract, powder, caps Notes/SE HA, dizziness, bloating Interactions T Hypotensive effects W/ antihypertensives esp CCB, diuretics EMS Monitor BP does not encourage dental caries may -1-glucose St. John s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Uses Mild-mod depression, anxiety, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulant/anti-HIV/antiviral, gastritis, insomnia, vitiligo Action MAOI in vitro, not in vivo bacteriostatic bactericidal, T capillary blood flow, uterotonic activity in animals Efficacy Variable benefit w/ mild-mod depression in several trials, but not always seen in clinical practice Available forms Teas, tabs, caps, tine, oil ext for topical use Dose 2-4 g of herb or 0.2-1 mg of total hypericin (standardized extract) daily Notes/SE Photosensitivity (use sunscreen) rash, dizziness, dry mouth, GI distress Interactions Enhance MAOI activity, EtOH, narcotics, sympathomimetics EMS T Risk of photosensitivity Rxns t effects of opioids and sympathomimetics... 

This alkaloid was first isolated from Ephedra equisetina, a plant (ma huang) that has been used as medicine by the Chinese since antiquity. Most of the present supply is probably synthetic. Its chemical structure is closely related to epinephrine and tyramine, and differs from epinephrine chiefly by the absence of the two phenolic hydroxyls. Its effects on the circulation, intestines, bronchi, iris, etc., are superficially similar to those of epinephrine. It requires that larger doses be given but they are more lasting, due probably to ephedrine s much greater stability and resistance to oxidation. The effects can be produced by oral administration. Unlike epinephrine, it is not sensitized by cocaine or by denervation. From this, it has been argued that its point of attack is not sympathomimetic but muscular. It also stimulates the CNS. A number of isomers with similar actions are known. Ephedrine is used therapeutically in hay fever and asthma, in which it is less... 

Therapeutic Function Hemostatic, Sympathomimetic, Vasoconstrictor Chemical Name Ethanone, l-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)-Common Name Adrenalone Adrenone Structural Formula ( ... 

Therapeutic Function Sympathomimetic Bronchodilator Chemical Name Benzenemethanol, a-(l-(methylamino)ethyl)-, (R-(R, S ))-Common Name Efedrin Ephedrine Structural Formula ... 

Therapeutic Function Sympathomimetic, Mydriatic, Analeptic, Vasopressor Chemical Name Phenol, p-(2-(methylamino)propyl)- sulfate Common Name Foledrine Methylparedrine Pholedrine sulfate Chemical Abstracts Registry No. 370-14-9 (Base) 6114-26-7... 

PS,PS)-2-Phenyl-2-(piperidin-2-yl)acetic acid methyl ester (INN methyl-phenidate) is a centrally acting sympathomimetic used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Dexmethylphenidate is the pure (and significantly more active) enantiomer with the R,R configuration available in the USA. The diastereomeric racemate with the RS,SR configuration whilst a commercially available chemical is not used as a pharmaceutical. (Note the small structural difference between these compounds and levofacetoperane, question 149). 

As an example I cite our early searches on the chemical structure properties indole and ethyiamine and the medical use properties sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic 8). These searches revealed two sets ot intersecting hyperspace axes. One ot these intersections contains compounds with ethyiamine structures (Property A in Table IV) which have the medical use property sympathomimetic the other cluster indicates organic ammonium ions... 

Chewing the leaves of Catha edulis (khat, qat) results in subjective mental stimulation, increased physical endurance, and increased self-esteem and social interaction. Until recently, this habit was confined to Arabian and East African countries, because only fresh leaves are active, but because of increased air transportation, khat is now also chewed in other parts of the world. Although cathine (norpseudoephedrine) is quantitatively the main alkaloid, the amphetamine-hke euphorigenic and sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects of khat are primarily attributed to cathinone (1). In Yemen chewers of khat produced in fields where chemical pesticides are used regularly have more sjmptoms than chewers of khat produced in fields where chemical pesticides are rarely or never used (2). 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class A synthetic sympathomimetic drug structurally related to ephedrine and amphetamine... 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Pseudoephedrine is a stereoisomer of ephedrine, in the drug class of sympathomimetics. It occurs naturally in plants of the genus Ephedra. 

NIH 7343) is one of the phenylpiperidine series, an OPIOID RECEPTOR AGONIST, with OPIOID ANALGESIC activity, dipivefrine [ban, inn] (diplvefrin hydrochloride [usan] Propine and many other names) is a sympathomimetic that chemically is a prodrug which is converted within the eye into adrenaline. It can be used therapeutically in topical... 

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