Swirl effect

Make the nozzle point upward at an angle such that a straight line projected from the nozzle would hit the liquid surface A to % of the way across the tank diameter. The idea is to promote top to bottom turnover. However, tilt the nozzle slightly to the left to promote a slight swirl effect. Aim the nozzle at a point about V3 of a radius off-center. 

The olfactory perception can be reinforced by sniffing i.e. by swirling the air intermittently over the ethmoid bone below the olfactory epithelium. The swirling effect causes the active components producing the smell to flow past the olfactory epithelium several times (instead of just once), thereby reinforcing the effect (particularly important in quality testing in the case of weak samples or samples with only very minor differences between them). 

A visual inspection for the absence of haemolysis and aggregation should be carried out before red cells products or whole blood are issued. Platelet concentrates should be checked for swirling effect. 

In addition to amplified heat transfer effects, understanding microrotorcraft operation at low Reynolds numbers also requires better modeling of viscous swirl effects. There are numerous enhanced viscous swirl models that could be utilized, a review of some of which has been provided by Kunz [5]. The average wake deficit viscous swirl model is based on using a power-law fit of computationally-modeled airfoil wake profiles at low Re (using INS 2d data) ... 

To a mixture of 0.40 mol of neohexene ( commercially available) and 200 ml of dry diethyl ether 0.35 mol of bromine was added with cooling between -40 and -50°C. The diethyl ether and excess of neohexene were then completely removed by evaporation in a water-pump vacuum.In the second flask was placed a solution of 90 g of commercial KO-tert.-C9H9 (see Chapter IV, Exp. 4, note 2) in 250 ml of DMSO. The dibromo compound was added in five portions during 15 min from the dropping funnel after the addition of each portion the flask was swirled gently in order to effect homogenization. Much heat was evolved and part of the tert.-butylacetylene passed over. After the addition the flask was heated for 30 min in a bath at B0-100°C. 

Equation (11) accurately describes longitudinal diffusion in a capillary column where there is no impediment to the flow from particles of packing. In a packed column, however, the mobile phase swirls around the particles. This tends to increase the effective diffusivity of the solute. Van Deemter introduced a constant (y) to account... 

The mixture is decanted into an Erlenmeyer flask, the residual green salts are washed with two 15-ml portions of acetone, and the washings are added to the main acetone solution. Cautiously, sodium bicarbonate (approx. 13 g) is added to the solution with swirling until the pH of the reaction mixture is neutral. The suspension is filtered, and the residue is washed with 10-15 ml of acetone. The filtrate is transferred to a round-bottom flask and concentrated on a rotary evaporator under an aspirator while the flask temperature is maintained at about 50°. The flask is cooled and the residue transferred to a separatory funnel, (If solidification occurs, the residue may be dissolved in ether to effect the transfer.) To the funnel is added 100 ml of saturated sodium chloride solution, and the mixture is extracted with two 50-ml portions of ether. The ether extracts are combined, washed with several 5-ml portions of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtered into a round-bottom flask. The ether may be distilled away at atmospheric pressure (steam bath) or evaporated on a rotary evaporator. On cooling, the residue should crystallize. If it does not, it may be treated with 5 ml of 30-60° petroleum ether, and crystallization may be induced by cooling and scratching. The crystalline product is collected by filtration and recrystallized from aqueous methanol. 4-r-Butylcyclohexanone has mp 48-49° (yield 60-90 %). 

Twenty-five grams (0.212 mole) of 3-sulfolene, and 15.0 g (0.153 mole) of pulverized maleic anhydride are added to a dry 250-ml flask fitted with a condenser. Boiling chips and 10 ml of dry xylene are added. The mixture is swirled gently for a few minutes to effect partial solution, then gently heated until an even boil is established. During the first 5-10 minutes, the reaction is appreciably exothermic, and care must be exercised to avoid overheating. 

When fluid swirling is prominent, it is difficult or impossible to reproduce the same mass transfer effect in any other size vessel, and hence cannot be reproduced by geometric similarity [21]. 

Typical re-entrant piston-bowl design for a small, high-speed direct-injection Cl engine. (From Kook, S., Bae, C., Miles, P.C., Choi, D., Bergin, M., and Reitz, R.D., The Effect of Swirl Ratio and Fuel Injection Parameters on CO emission and Fuel Conversion Efficiency for High-Dilution, Low-Temperature Combustion in an Automotive Diesel Engine, SAE, 2006-01-019 2006. With permission.)... 

---