Swimmers

NCI3 > NHCI2 > NH2 Cl. Chloramines (primarily NHCI2 and NCl ) are usually responsible for complaints of eye irritation. Swimmers may blame this condition on too much chlorine, but the problem is caused by insufficient chlorine. Because inorganic chloramines are decomposed by sunlight, they pose less of a problem for bathers in outdoor swimming pools than in indoor pools. 

A large membrane pack of this type will act like an artificial gill, permitting a swimmer to breathe like a fish and remain submerged for much longer periods of time than are possible with scuba equipment. Speculative fiction has man returning to live in the seas, and this type of application may make it possible. Their application in spacecraft is obvious as a part of a continuously recycled air support system. The oxygen permeability of silicone materials is just one example of the selective permeability of plastics. 

Angel is 12 and a member of the local swimming club.She is a good swimmer and has won a number of medals for backstroke and butterfly stroke events. The staff at the club tell her and her parents that she could make it to international or even Olympic level if she is prepared to train very hard. One day her personal coach at the club suggests to her that she take some special tablets that will help her build up her muscles. He tells her that they are only food supplement tablets but also tells her that she should not tell anyone else about them, not even her parents. 

The exactness of a measurement is expressed by its precision. This concept can be explained with an example. Suppose three swimmers are discussing the temperature of a swimming pool. The first dips a finger in the water and says that the temperature is about 24 °C. The second examines an immersed pool thermometer and reports the temperature to be 26 °C. The third swimmer, who has been monitoring daily variations in the pool s temperature, uses a portable precision digital thermometer and reports, According to my precision thermometer, the pool temperature is 25.8 °C. ... 

The swimmers have measured the water temperature using different measuring devices with different levels of precision. The first swimmer s finger test is precise to about 3 °C T — 24 3 °C (read twenty-four plus or minus three degrees ). The pool thermometer gives a reading that is precise to the nearest degree ... 

A swimmer emerging from a pool is covered with a film containing about 75 g of water. How much heat must be supplied to evaporate this water ... 

Energy in the form of heat is required to evaporate the water from the swimmer s skin. The energy needed to vaporize the water can be found using the moiar heat of vaporization and the number of moles of water. The process can be shown with a simpie biock diagram ... 

If the swimmer s body must supply all this heat, a substantial chilling effect occurs. Thus, swimmers usually towel off (to reduce the amount of water that must be evaporated) or lie in the sun (to let the sun provide most of the heat required). 

C14-0128. What is the efficiency of the metabolic conversion of palmitic acid to ATP Compute the number of grams of palmitic acid that would have to be metabolized to provide the heat to warm a swimmer from whose skin 75 g of water evaporates. 

Swimming pools must be kept around a neutral pH in order for people to swim in them comfortably. Swimming pool water that is too acidic can burn a swimmer s eyes or nose. It also makes the skin dry and itchy and destroys bathing suits much faster than a neutral pH. Acidic water not only destroys bathing suits, it can dissolve the materials used to build the pool, such as marble or plaster. 

When the water is too alkaline, swimmers experience similar physical discomfort—burning eyes and nose and itchy, dry skin. The effect on the pool, however, is different. When water is alkaline, calcium dissolved in the pool water can precipitate (fall) out of solution. A precipitate is a solid that forms from a solution due to a chemical reaction. This solid creates unsightly scales on the sides of the pool. Like water that is too acidic, alkaline water also affects the efficiency of the chlorine. More chlorine needs to be added to alkaline water to effectively disinfect the pool. Over time, a swimming pool that is not kept at a neutral pH can become very expensive to maintain. 

Figure 4.2 As shown above, pool water that is too acidic or too alkaline can cause discomfort to swimmers. Both extremes affect the efficiency of the chlorine.

Multiparticle collision dynamics provides an ideal way to simulate the motion of small self-propelled objects since the interaction between the solvent and the motor can be specified and hydrodynamic effects are taken into account automatically. It has been used to investigate the self-propelled motion of swimmers composed of linked beads that undergo non-time-reversible cyclic motion [116] and chemically powered nanodimers [117]. The chemically powered nanodimers can serve as models for the motions of the bimetallic nanodimers discussed earlier. The nanodimers are made from two spheres separated by a fixed distance R dissolved in a solvent of A and B molecules. One dimer sphere (C) catalyzes the irreversible reaction A + C B I C, while nonreactive interactions occur with the noncatalytic sphere (N). The nanodimer and reactive events are shown in Fig. 22. The A and B species interact with the nanodimer spheres through repulsive Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials in Eq. (76). The MPC simulations assume that the potentials satisfy Vca = Vcb = Vna, with c.,t and Vnb with 3- The A molecules react to form B molecules when they approach the catalytic sphere within the interaction distance r < rc. The B molecules produced in the reaction interact differently with the catalytic and noncatalytic spheres. 

A. Najafi and R. Golestanian, Simple swimmer at low Reynolds number three linked spheres, Phys. Rev. E 69, 062901 (2004). 

In their study of untrained vs. trained swimmers, Collomp et al.40 suggested that specific training may be the catalyst that stimulates caffeine s ergogenic effects during high intensity, anaerobic activity. The results of many studies have also suggested that only well-trained athletes derive significant benefits from caffeine due to the athletes previously stimulated lipolytic activity and the increased size and density of their mito-chondria.40-52-58-59... 

Collomp, K., Ahmaidi, S., Chatard, J. C., Audran, M., and Prefaut, C., Benefits of caffeine ingestion on sprint performance in trained and untrained swimmers, International Journal of Applied Physiology, 64, 377, 1992. 

Salt level Reed contact + swimmer Density sensors... 

Give all new swimmers (especially young children) a pool orientation. 

The swimmer s back injury his prospects for a gold medal... 

Since we are digressing somewhat from biochemical consideration it may be well to remind ourselves that the basic anatomy, including the musculature, is not the same in men and women for this reason a woman cannot throw a ball as a man can, nor can women run in competition with men. However, as swimmers women show up very well, in contrast to their lack of ability to throw well or run fast Within the sexes, however, there are variations in anatomy so that... 

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