Swimming/swimmers

We set up the micro-meteorological instruments just above the high-water line on the beach. Part of our job was to explore the area and provide a written report of its terrain and vegetation. It was only a two-man job to read the meters and write down the values so a couple of us would attend to the instruments and the others could hike, fish or swim (swimmers found the water to be cold). Around the harbor there was an unfamiliar and amazing forest of giant eucalyptus trees. A hike up the dirt road that went inland provided us with a view of the owner s house in the distance. We broke into groups to explore and write descriptions of the nearby land. 

NCI3 > NHCI2 > NH2 Cl. Chloramines (primarily NHCI2 and NCl ) are usually responsible for complaints of eye irritation. Swimmers may blame this condition on too much chlorine, but the problem is caused by insufficient chlorine. Because inorganic chloramines are decomposed by sunlight, they pose less of a problem for bathers in outdoor swimming pools than in indoor pools. 

Angel is 12 and a member of the local swimming club.She is a good swimmer and has won a number of medals for backstroke and butterfly stroke events. The staff at the club tell her and her parents that she could make it to international or even Olympic level if she is prepared to train very hard. One day her personal coach at the club suggests to her that she take some special tablets that will help her build up her muscles. He tells her that they are only food supplement tablets but also tells her that she should not tell anyone else about them, not even her parents. 

The exactness of a measurement is expressed by its precision. This concept can be explained with an example. Suppose three swimmers are discussing the temperature of a swimming pool. The first dips a finger in the water and says that the temperature is about 24 °C. The second examines an immersed pool thermometer and reports the temperature to be 26 °C. The third swimmer, who has been monitoring daily variations in the pool s temperature, uses a portable precision digital thermometer and reports, According to my precision thermometer, the pool temperature is 25.8 °C. ... 

Swimming pools must be kept around a neutral pH in order for people to swim in them comfortably. Swimming pool water that is too acidic can burn a swimmer s eyes or nose. It also makes the skin dry and itchy and destroys bathing suits much faster than a neutral pH. Acidic water not only destroys bathing suits, it can dissolve the materials used to build the pool, such as marble or plaster. 

When the water is too alkaline, swimmers experience similar physical discomfort—burning eyes and nose and itchy, dry skin. The effect on the pool, however, is different. When water is alkaline, calcium dissolved in the pool water can precipitate (fall) out of solution. A precipitate is a solid that forms from a solution due to a chemical reaction. This solid creates unsightly scales on the sides of the pool. Like water that is too acidic, alkaline water also affects the efficiency of the chlorine. More chlorine needs to be added to alkaline water to effectively disinfect the pool. Over time, a swimming pool that is not kept at a neutral pH can become very expensive to maintain. 

Aggazzotti G, Fantuzzi G, Tartoni PL, et al. 1990. Plasma chloroform concentrations in swimmers using indoor swimming pools. Arch Environ Health 45(3) 175-179. 

Cammann K, Hubner K. 1995. Trihalomethane concentrations in swimmers and bath attendants blood and urine after swimming or working in indoor swimming pools. Archives of Environmental Health... 

Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM, Font-Ribera L, Liviac D, Bustamante M, Espinoza F, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Espinosa A, Fernandez P, DeMarini DM, Grimalt JO, Grummt T, Marcos R (2010) Genotoxic effects in swimmers exposed to disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pools. Environ Health Perspect 118(11) 1531-1537... 

Cardador MJ, Gallego M (2011) Haloacetic acids in swimming pools swimmer and worker exposure. Environ Health Perspect 118 1545-1550... 

Amer K, Karanfil T (2011) Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water. The contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids. Water Res 45 926-932... 

Water in the swimming pool and snow on the ski slopes reflect sun s rays. At the same time, the swimmers and skiers absorb the sun s rays that strike them. Therefore, they get a double dose of energy from the sun. 

Sinnerton SA, Reilly T. Effects of sleep loss and time of day in swimmers. In MacLaren D, Reilly T, Lees A, eds. Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Swimming Science IV. 1992 399-405. 

During lengthy swimming, the balance of blood constituents is soon upset in poor swimmers, while in good swimmers it persists for a long time... 

In addition to the East Germans, perhaps the widest use of AASs in swimming has been by the Chinese. During the early 1990s, their female swimmers produced remarkable results including domination of the 1992 Olympics. This continued at the World Championships in Rome in 1994 when they won 12 of 16 gold medals. 

Swimming clearly requires energy cramped, useless muscles immediately cause the system to fail. But you traveled twenty feet before running out of oxygen, and then treaded water for a short while before cramping set in. Although they certainly affect the distance a swimmer can go, the size and efficiency of the fuel reserve system thus are not parts of the swimming system itself. 

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