SWEDISH POLICY

Swedish Lapland reindeer herders have experienced a variety of sociocultural problems as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The variability of contamination has been compounded by the variability of expert statements about risk, the change in national limits of Bq concentrations set for meat marketability, and the variability of the compensation policy for slaughtered reindeer. These concerns may result in fewer Lapps becoming herders and a general decline in reindeer husbandry (Beach 1990). 

Tetra Pak, the world s largest producer of food packaging, takes a similar stand "These two principles [precaution and substitution] are important principles in the Swedish national chemical policy and has proven to be a good basis for chemical control. Tetra Pak is therefore supportive to building the REACH system on these two fundamental principles. Precaution and substitution need to be Introduced early in the text as guiding principles for the whole policy""" ... 

SKANSKA, Sweden. Comments on the proposal for a new chemical policy in the European Union - REACH, 9 July 2003 Tetra Pak, Sweden. Comments on the proposal for a new chemical policy in the European Union - REACH, 9 July 2003 Construction Federation, Sweden. Position paper on REACH, 8 July 2003 Swedish Recycling Industries Association. Response to the European... 

After the end of World War II, science was a major organizing factor in Sweden s focusing attention on possible health and environmental risks from humans discharge of chemicals into the environment. For many decades, Sweden has been hailed as an enviable example of how effective environmental policies based on sound expertise can be implemented to the benefit of its inhabitants, and in many respects this reputation is well deserved. For instance, it is now possible to catch salmon from bridges in Stockholm, and a steady stream of delegations from other nations has arrived to learn more about the Swedish model for environmental protection. 

Many overly stringent Swedish regulations impose burdens on the country s citizens and harm the economy, while providing no or little improvement in health, safety, or the environment. Other countries, considering the possible effects of tying their policies to the PP, should study its effects in Sweden. 

Statens Offentiga Utrednlngar (SOU), Towards a Sustainable Chemicals Policy, Swedish Government Public Reports Series (1997) 84, plus Annex I (in Swedish). 

The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, the Royal Academy of Engineering Sciences, and other professional organizations scathingly criticized the committee s 1997 report Towards a Sustainable Chemicals Policy.7 Expert criticism meant little to the Minister of Environment at that time (now Minister of Foreign Affairs), Anna Lindh, who, in the case of the alleged dangerous properties of PVC, declared that she had more confidence in Greenpeace than in the Academy of Sciences. 

Swedish politicians more or less openly admit that the concerns of the most risk-adverse people, rather than objective measures of risk, guide their policies directed at chemicals. Such pol-... 

The defenders of such a policy, of course, promote the argument that the market has to improve its (eco) toxicological competence. Wishful thinking Even KEMI has only a handful of trained experts to perform adequate risk assessments. Delegating responsibility for implementing a poorly defined PP down to individual consumers represents a cowardly and unacceptable behavior of the Swedish state, especially in a situation when KEMI employees themselves lack clear guidelines on how to interpret and implement the PP. 

E.Biorkland, "International Atomic Policy During a Decade," translated from the Swedish by A. Reed, Van Nostrand, NY(1956) 50)C.K.Beck, "Nuclear Reactors for Research," Van Nostrand, NY(1957) 51) C.F.Bonilla, "Nuclear Engineering," McGraw-Hill, NYU957) 52)G.L.Wendt, "The Prospects of Nuclear Power and Technology, ... 

A 2006 Special Issue of the Energy Policy Journal (34(8)) analyses the European experience with eco-taxation and points to deeper underlying issues about the degree of public understanding and trust in political processes. A Swedish survey also underlines that attitudes to carbon taxation are directly related to the degree of trust in politicians, more even than an individual s own exposure to the taxes (Hammar and Jagers, 2006). 

Swedish Chemicals Control, General Principles, Overarching Policies... 

Sterner, T. (2002) Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Resources for the Future Press, Co-published with World Bank and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Washington. 

Karlsson, M. (2006) The Precautionary Principle, Swedish Chemicals Policy and Sustainable Development. Journal of Risk Research 9, 337-360. 

Swedish chemicals policy recognises the ability of organisms to degrade or detoxify most harmful chemicals the terms non-toxic and free of man-made chemicals are not given detailed definitions. 

The German and Swedish interviewees frequently referred to policy principles, especially in terms of the obstacles and opportunities for their application during regulatory decision-making or implementation. A Cartesian view of the world and human actions fits this codal system for legal governance, as does the Kantian view of 12 physical principles by which the universe functions [412]. 

A. Tukker, Frames in the Toxicity Controversy Risk Assessment and Policy Analysis Related to the Dutch Chlorine Debate and the Swedish PVC Debate, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1999, p.21. 

Swedish Ministry of the Environment, Sweden s Offensive Policy of Chemicals, Fact Sheet Number 6.1, ME, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997. 

Swedish Chemical Policy Committee Towards a Sustainable Chemicals Policy, En Hallbar Kemikaliepolitick. Riskpanorama for kemikalier (with a summary in English), Fritzes, Offentliga Publilationer, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997. 

To develop a strategy for achieving a non-toxic environment, the Swedish government established a Committee on New Guidelines on Chemicals Policy. The Committee primarily consists of academic scientists and KemI personnel. However, prior to publishing its official Chemicals Policy, the Swedish government required an analysis of the further need for control... 

The official Chemicals Policy adopted by Parliament is not available in English. The analysis of Swedish chemicals policy has therefore been carried out on the most recent document relating to the Swedish chemicals policy, Summary of Documentation for In-Depth Evaluation of the Environmental Quality Objective of a Non-Toxic Environment [546] and the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives [351]. 

---