Sustainability: architecture

L. Wibberley, LCA in Sustainable Architecture (LISA), Developed by Sustainable Technology, BHP Billiton Technology, BlueScope Steel, Melbourne, Australia, 2002. 

Pohl, Jens G. Building Science Concepts and Applications. Oxford, England Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Discusses environmental engineering and sustainable architecture. 

Hegger, M., M. Fuchs, T. Stark, and M. Zeumer. 2008. Energy Manual Sustainable Architecture. Basel, Switzerland Birkhauser. This manual approaches design and construction from apparently invisible qualities the sustainability and energy-efficiency of building (from Preface, page 6). 

MAT 13] Matiiosaitiene 1., Navickaite K., Aesthetics and safety of road landscape are they related Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 20-25,2013. 

ScHOUTEN, J. C., Rebrov, E., de Croon, M. H. J. M., Challenging prospects for microstructured reaction architectures in high-throughput catalyst screening, small scale fuel processing, and sustainable fine chemical synthesis, in Proceedings of the Micro Chemical Plant - International Workshop, pp. L5 (25-32) (4 Eebruary 2003), Kyoto, Japan. 

Harrison K. Information and Communications Technology Building, University Of Calgary, http //www.architecture.uwaterloo.ca/faculty projects/terri/sustain casestud-ies/ICT.pdf. 

The multi-functionality of metal oxides1,13 is one of the key aspects which allow realizing selectively on metal oxide catalysts complex multi-step transformations, such as w-butane or n-pentane selective oxidation.14,15 This multi-functionality of metal oxides is also the key aspect to implement a new sustainable industrial chemical production.16 The challenge to realize complex multi-step reactions over solid catalysts and ideally achieve 100% selectivity requires an understanding of the surface micro-kinetic and the relationship with the multi-functionality of the catalytic surface.17 However, the control of the catalyst multi-functionality requires the ability also to control their nano-architecture, e.g. the spatial arrangement of the active sites around the first centre of chemisorption of the incoming molecule.1... 

Some simple biphenols equipped with methyl groups, e.g., 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-2,2 -biphenol 38, have attracted attention as important components of highly potent ligand systems [75-86]. Remarkably, the sustainable synthesis of such biphenols is rather challenging despite their simple scaffolds. In particular, methyl-substituted phenols are prone to side reactions. This is especially the case when 2,4-dimethyl-phenol (37) is oxidatively treated. Upon anodic conversion 37 is preferably transformed into polycyclic architectures [87]. Direct electrolysis in basic media provided only traces of the desired biphenol 38 and the dominating components of the product mixture consisted of Pu in meter s ketone 39 and the consecutive pentacyclic spiro derivative 40 [88]. For an efficient electrochemical access to 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-2,2,-biphenol (38) we developed a boron-based template strategy [89, 90]. This methods requires a multi-step protocol but can be conducted on a multi-kilogram scale (Scheme 17). 

With this in mind we introduce a new organic synthesis strategy which we refer to as genealogically directed synthesis (GDS). Simply stated the central theme of this strategy utilizes mimicry of seven key phenomena/architectural criteria invoked by Nature to initiate and sustain life. These criteria deal with the flow and transfer of molecular level information through a chemical hierarchy, be it abiotic or biological. 

The use of transition metals or transition metal clusters to act as nodes for the modular self-assembly of diamondoid networks that are sustained by coordinate covalent bonds is also well established. Such architectures are of more than aesthetic appeal. Indeed, such structures have resulted in a class of compound with very interesting bulk and functional properties. Metal-organic diamondoid structures in which the spacer moiety has no center of inversion are predisposed to generate polar networks since there would not be any inherent center of inversion. Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid is such a ligand and bis(isonicotinato)zinc exists as a three-fold diamondoid structure that is thermally stable and inherently polar.33... 

We shall now focus upon 2D and 3D structures that will be oiganized by dimensionality of architecture and chemical components and draw mineralomimetic analogies. In terms of chemical composition, we shall focus upon purely organic networks, which are typically sustained by hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions, and metal-oiganic structures that are based upon coordinate covalent bonds. 

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