Prospects and Challenges

Adhikari and P. Kar, Chapter 1 Polymers in chemical sensors in Chemical sensors comprehensive sensors technologies Volume 3 Polymers and other materials, G. Korotcenkov, Ed, Momentum Press, LLC, New Jersey, USA, 

Doping in conjugated polymers, Wiley-Screensaver, New Jersey, USA, 2013. 

Schroder, Semiconductor material and device characterization, John Wiley Sons, New York, p. 2,1990. 

Actuators B 

Zampetti, S. Pcuitcdei, A. Muzyczuk, A. Bearzotti, ED. Cesare, C. Spinella, cuid A. MaccigncUio, Sens. Actuators B Chem. Vol. 176, p. 390, 2013. 

Small-scale Pd-alloy MRs became available in the 1980s for CH4/ CH3OH reforming to produce H2 for stationary fuel-cell-type applications. However, large-scale industrial applications have not yet materialized because of a number of concerns, as follows. 

On the contrary, once the Pd and Pd-alloy membrane thickness is thin, the porous substrate may become the main factor contributing to the cost of the membranes. It is generally acknowledged that the minimum thickness of a dense Pd-based membrane is approximately three times the size of the largest pore present in the substrate surface. This implies that ultra-thin Pd-based membranes with high H2 permeance and low cost can only be deposited on defect-free surfaces with a small and narrow pore size distribution. However, the fabrication of asymmetric ceramic composite tubes also presents high costs because multiple fabrication steps are required to obtain gradually reduced porosity. 

Membrane stability. Pure Pd membranes become brittle upon thermal cycling in a H2 atmosphere due to the phase transition between different Pd hydride phases (a and P) with distinctly different crystal lattice parameters. Alloying Pd with various other metals (e.g., Ag, Cu, Au, Ru, Rh) tends to lower the phase transition temperature and under some circumstances improves the hydrogen permeability. In addition to the phase-transition problem, mechanical and thermal stability problems also have to be faced. Owing to the significant differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the metal film and the porous support, and the metal atom/ion counter diffusion, the membrane may lose its 

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Karim A.A., Bhat R. 2009. Fish gelatin properties, challenges, and prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Food Hydrocolloids 23, 563-576. 

Karim A. A., Bhat R. 2008. Gelatin alternatives for the food industry recent developments, challenges and prospects. Trends in Food Science Technology 19, 644-656. 

Tamm, L. (2000) The future challenges and prospects in organic crop protection. Proceedings of the 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference, Basel, Switzerland, pp 106-9. 

A. Melis (2002) Green alga hydrogen production progress, challenges and prospects. Int. J. Hydr. Energy., 27 1217-1228... 

VAN WIJK, K.J., Challenges and prospects of plant proteomics, Plant Physiol., 2001,126,501-508. 

Rand, D. A. J. and Dell, R. M. (2007). Hydrogen Energy. Challenges and Prospects. Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Publishing. 

Ramstrom O, Ansell RJ. Molecular imprinting technology challenges and prospects for the future. Chirality 1998 10 195-209. 

Bemiller, J. N. (1997). Starch modification Challenges and prospects. Starch, 49,127-131. 

MacMahon, B. (1981). Childhood cancer and prenatal iiradiation, page 223 in Cancer Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects for the 1980s, VoL 1, Burchenal, J.H. and Oettgen, H.F., Eds. (Grune Stratton, New York). 

This paper by two business professors aims to acquaint the public with recent developments in the pharmaceutical industry, including challenges and prospects it faces. Although a few years old, it offers a helpful overview of the major companies and important trends. 

Kang SM, Tang Q, Bluestone JA. 2007. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in transplantation Progress, challenges and prospects. Am J Transplant. 7 1457-1463. 

Implementation of defluoridation units challenges and prospects 4. Conclusions Appendix List of acronyms References... 

Rand DAJ, Dell RM. Hydrogen energy. Challenges and prospects. Cambridge RSC Publishing 2008. 

Melis, A. 2002. Green alga hydrogen production progress, challenges and prospects. 

E.V. Ludena, V.V. Karasiev, Kinetic Energy Functionals History, Challenges, and Prospects, In Revews of Modern Quantum Chemistry. A Celebration of the Contributions of Robert G Parr pp. 612-665, K. Sen, (Ed.), World Scientific, 2002... 

Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels State-of-the-Art- Accomplishments, Challenges, and Prospects. Adv. Mater., 2014, 26, 4607- [48]... 

Martin YC. Challenges and prospects for computational aids to molecular diversity. Perspect Drug Discov Des 1997 7/8 159-172. 

Molecular imprinting technology challenges and prospects for the future... 

Wattenberg, L.W. Inhibitors of chemical carcinogens in Cancer Achievements, challenges and prospects for the 1980 s, edited by J.H. Burchenal, Grune and Stratton, New York, NY (1981) 517-539. 

Human Performance Engineering Challenges and Prospects for the Future... 

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