Suspicions

It is worth noting here that the results of some other studies of aromatie substitutions, sueh as the Friedel-Crafts benzylation and iso-propylation of alkylbenzenes, and the bromination of alkylbenzenes with bromine, eatalysed by ferrie ehloride, are under suspicion as depending upon slow mixing. As regards halogenation eatalysed by Lewis aeids, positive evidenee to support this eritieism has been obtained. ... 

The terms synthetic, artificial, and chemical have aroused the doubts and suspicions of consumers in some instances (68,69). However, many such chemical components also occur in nature, ie, nature identical (37,68) (see Eood additives). It has been noted by the EDA that an artificial flavor is no less safe, nutritious, or desirable than a natural flavor, and that the purpose for distinguishing between a natural and artificial flavor is for economic reasons, ie, the natural flavor is often more expensive than the artificial flavor (70). Since it is generally economically impractical to isolate many of the components... 

There are seminars and short courses on the methodology of chemical market research. Reference 4 is a useful primer, but there is no substitute for actual fieldwork experience, facing varying degrees of suspicion by the respondents, to hone the practitioner s skills. 

Two large studies were done (250,251) for the selection of a2o, nitro, and anthraquinone dyes for carcinogen bioassay. Based on previous information or testing, a total of 30 dyes were selected based on chemical stmcture, potential exposure, and suspicion of carcinogenicity. 

It is important to note that vahdation typicahy only brings a measurement under suspicion. It does not verify that the measurement is incorrect. Safety is paramount. Some vahdation analysis could result in concluding that the measurement is invalid when, in fact, the comparison information is invahd. It is not difficult to extrapolate that actions could result from this erroneous conclusion which would place maintenance and operating personnel in jeopardy. Validation merely raises suspicion it does not confirm errors or measurement. 

Quantitative risk analysis is a forecast concerning the degree of belief associated with the occurrence of future events. It normally focuses on those classes of events that are rarely expected to occur at a facility. However, because the potential consequences of such events may be so great, the possibility that the events could occur at all gives rise to concern. When a QRA generates results that reflect a very small likelihood of an event and confirm the suspicion that the event could have a severe impact, these questions inevitably arise What does it all mean What should I do about it ... 

Report any suspicions to the Environment Agency. Change caiTier/contractor. 

Confidentiality of records can be important to occupants, especially if they are concerned that lAQ complaints will lead to negative reactions from their employers. There may be legal penalties for violating confidentiality of medical records. By reassuring occupants that privacy will be respected, investigators are more likely to obtain honest and complete information. It is advisable to explain the nature of investigative activities, so that rumors and suspicions can be countered with factual information. 

Whatever you do, don t act on suspicion, always confirm that a problem exists or that there is a certain chance that a problem will exist if the current trend continues. 

Recent work has justified the suspicions that the methylated cinnolones had been allocated the incorrect structures. D. E. Ames and H. Z. Kucharska [J. Chem. Soc. 4924 (1963)] have shown that the compound previously believed to be l-methyl-4-cinnolone is the dipolar anhydro-base of 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-cinnolinium hydroxide. It is likely, therefore, that those cinnoline salts whose structures had been based upon the presumed l-methyl-4-cinnolones are, in fact, 2-salts of structure 56. (Cf. p. 28.)... 

The great variety of structures that have by now been shown to exhibit estrogenic activity leads to the suspicion that the estrogen receptor may be unusually nonspecific compared to receptors for other steroid hormones. 

Among one of the more unusual side effects noticed as the use of the sulfonamides became widespread was the increased urine output of many patients treated with these drugs. The fact that the urine was unusually alkaline led to the suspicion, later (Confirmed by independent means, that these agents were responsible for partial inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Inhibition of this enzyme causes increased excretion of sodium and bicarbonate ions as well as water, in effect bringing about diure-... 

Aa oil eitamlned by Tflchicch was staled hy him to have the eTtta-ocdinacy optical tnlation - 132 32 and refractive index l-4tW,56. The authenticity of this specimen must be regarded with. suspicion. 

The oil is sometimes less solulilr Ihac this, bnt any marked deviation from these figures should iic regaitli d vith suspicion, aud the oil shonld be subjected to minute ciatninafion. 

Verdacht, m. suspicion, distrust, verdachtig, a. suspicious, suspected, verdkmmen, v.t. tamp, dam check stunt. Verdampfapparat, m. evaporating apparatus, evaporator vaporizer carburetor, verdampfbar, a. vaporizable volatile. Verdampf-barkeit, /. vaporizability, volatility. 

Despite the introduction of new, improved methods of refining it has been necessary to enhance the performance of lubricants by the use of additives, either to reinforce existing qualities or to confer additional properties. Once additives were regarded with some suspicion —an oil that needed an additive was necessarily an inferior oil today they are an accepted feature of lubricants. Almost all quality lubricants on sale today contain one or more additives. An enormous range of additives are available for use in lubricants " , some produced by the oil companies and others provided by specialist manufacturers. Additives are usually named after their particular function, but many additives are multifunctional. Thus, an anti-wear additive may also protect a surface against corrosion. The main types of additives that can enhance the anti-corrosion behaviour of lubricants are listed in Table 2.22. 

Technological changes or changes in production volume reflecting the popularity of an alloy or protective treatment as confidence is gained in its use may reduce, or even reverse, the effect of inflation on some costs. In combination with inflation, these factors can greatly alter the economic order of merit of possible solutions over even a short period. Consequently, decisions should always be based on up-to-date information, and past comparisons of alternatives regarded with some suspicion. 

Starting with Bohr s version of 1913, the evolution of this model was examined in an attempt to highlight the assumptions and approximations that were made at each stage. As in the case of many other papers in this volume, there is an educational motivation for raising these questions, especially in view of the central role of the atomic orbital model at all levels of chemical education. My suspicion is that many chemical educators do not appreciate the extent to which this model is an approximation and the conditions under which it ceases to be applicable. 

To sum up, the ensemble average of any observable not explicitly a function of time is independent of time even for an ensemble formed from configuration eigenstates that are not eigenstates of the hamil-tonian, and even for observables that do not commute with the hamil-tonian. This raises the suspicion that there is a more general proof that ensemble averages in any ensemble are independent of time, and in the next section we show that this is indeed the case. 

In cases where a lot of proplnt has successfully passed the one-year exposure to methyl violet paper, only a 3% inspection of the exposed test strips need to be made thereafter until such inspection indicates progressive deterioration of the proplnt or other nonstandard condition, at which time 100% inspection and test of the lot under suspicion will be resumed It is considered desirable that succeeding annual inspections include at least 1/3 of the containers included in the original 3% inspection as outlined above. In this manner, such containers may be considered as a basic comparative control with reference to the balance of the lot under test... 

In Chapter 6, fugacity and activity are defined and described and related to the chemical potential. The concept of the standard state is introduced and thoroughly explored. In our view, a more aesthetically satisfying concept does not occur in all of science than that of the standard state. Unfortunately, the concept is often poorly understood by non-thermodynamicists and treated by them with suspicion and mistrust. One of the firm goals in writing this book has been to lay a foundation and describe the application of the standard state in such a way that all can understand it and appreciate its significance and usefulness. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy The diagnosis of a helminth infection is made by examination of the stool for ova and all or part of the helminth. Several stool specimens may be necessary before the helminth is seen and identified. The patient history also may lead to a suspicion of a helminth infection, but some patients have no symptoms. 

Generally speaking, the investigator carries out such simulations to show whether the postulated scheme matches the data. To carry out the simulations, the researcher fixes the rate constants of some steps at their established values and evaluates the ones that are unknown by iterative adjustment, the criterion being the quality of the match. Obviously, one is not likely to produce a definitive answer if too many steps have rate constants that are allowed to be adjusted at will. One may also be tempted to adjust one (more ) of the supposedly established rate constants. This action is perilous, without independent cause for suspicion. In that event, one should very seriously consider replicating the original experiments that defined that step. Not to do so invites the construction of an unsound house of cards. ... 

The ingredients in the shampoo come from many different manufacturers, in many different places around the world. From day to day, a particular batch of shampoo may differ significantly from the previous day s batch in the amount of moisture brought in with those ingredients. Salt has the effect of thickening the mixture, and is added to each batch in the amount needed to raise the viscosity to a specified level. Consequently, the customer gets a product that pours the same way each time. This consistency is important to the customer, because a watery product can cause suspicions about value or about possible tampering. 

The only metal for which Ea > and (Prefer to the same sample is Hg, because of its liquid state. However, even in this case the situation is not settled, as discussed in Section I, since 0 values obtained several years ago are regarded with suspicion by surface physicists. Nevertheless, recent measurements46 even in ambient gases point to a reproducibility of the accepted value of 0 for Hg that cannot be simply occasional, as implied in the criticisms of detractors. Another metal in the same situation as Hg would be Ga, but in this case its surface reactivity toward oxygen and its solid state at room temperature are complications that make its 0 value less reliable, although acceptably reproducible. 

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