Survival and growth

The ecotoxicological effects of glycol ethers and their acetates have been measured on various organisms occupying different trophic levels in the environment. Most of the available data deal with lethahty, immobilization of the organisms, inhibition of cell multiplication, or growth (Table 17.3.2). 

Bacteria Pseudomonas putida 16-h TGK 10000 mg/1 toxicity threshold, inhibition of cell multiplication 24 

Yeasts Candida sp. 4-m biocidal = 5-10% tested in jet fuel and water mixtures 25 

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The abihty to iaduce disease states ia animals by manipulation of the diet was estabUshed ia this period. The classical work by Eijkman (5), ia which a heriheri-like condition was iaduced ia chickens fed on poHshed rice, was significant. These findings led to the concept by Hopkins that small amounts of accessory growth factors are necessary for survival and growth. 

Macronutrient An element required in large proportion by plants and other life forms for survival and growth. Macronutrients include Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), and Phosphorous (P). 

Micronutrient An element required by plants and bacteria, in proportionately smaller amounts, for survival and growth. Micronutrients include Iron (Fe), Managanese (MN), Zinc (Zn), Boron (B), and Molybdenum (Mo). 

Nepstad, D.C. Forest Regrowth inAbandoned Pastures of Eastern Amazonia Limitations to Tree Seedling Survival and Growth Dissertation Yale University New Haven, CT, 1989. 

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Marine DBTC 110-day NOEC (survival and growth) 0.04 0.04 de Vries et al. (1991)... 

The most important survival and growth factor for mast cells is the KIT Ugand stem cell factor (SCF) [12], The hypothesis of early studies, that SCF might be elevated in skin lesions associated with mastocytosis [13], however, was not confirmed by later studies on SCF levels in skin and blood, at least for adult patients [14],... 

Biofilms which may develop in water systems are known to provide ideal habitats for the survival and growth of Legionella(5). Chlorine does not readily penetrate such biofilms and destroy Legionella(6). 

Grpnvold, J., Wolstrup, J., Larsen, M., Nansen, P. and Bjorn, H. (2000). Absence of obvious short term impact of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans on survival and growth of the earthworm Aporrectodea long a . Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 41, 147-151. 

Table 19.1 Sources of pathogenic microorganisms on fresh produce and conditions that influence their survival and growth (based on Beuchat, 1996)...

Beuchat L R (2002), Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables , Microbes and Infection, 4 (4), 413-423. 

Abdul-Raouf, U.M., Beuchat, L.R. and Ammar, M.S. (1993) Survival and growth of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 on salad vegetables . Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 1999-2006. 

Beuchat, L.R. and Brackett, R.E. (1990) Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce as influenced by shredding, chlorine treatment, modified atmosphere packaging and temperature . Journal of Food Science, 55, 755-758. 

Anderson, R.L., C.T. Walbridge, and J.T. Fiandt. 1980. Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis (Chi-ronomidae) exposed to copper, cadmium, zinc and lead. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9 329-335. 

Pickering, Q.H. and J.M. Lazorchak. 1995. Evaluation of the robustness of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, larval survival and growth test, U.S. EPA method 1000.0. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 653-659. 

Dietary copper is more important than waterborne copper in reducing the survival and growth of rainbow trout larvae (Woodward et al. 1994). Simultaneous exposure of rainbow trout to dietary and waterborne copper results in significant copper assimilation. Diet is the main source of tissue copper however, the contribution of waterborne Cu to tissue burdens increases as water concentrations rise (Miller et al. 1993). 

Cain, B.W. and E.A. Pafford. 1981. Effects of dietary nickel on survival and growth of mallard ducklings. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10 737-745. 

Calabrese, A., J.R. Maclnnes, D.A. Nelson, and J.E. Miller. 1977. Survival and growth of bivalve larvae under heavy-metal stress. Mar. Biol. 41 179-184. 

Reduced survival and growth at dietary levels >150 mg/kg liver enlargement and micropathology at >20 mg/kg no effect on reproduction at 150 mg/kg diet no adverse effects at 5 mg/kg diet (Ingle 1965)... 

Decrease in neonatal survival and growth after 62 days. After 2 years, no evidence of carcinogenicity, but adverse effects on adult growth and serum enzyme activity levels (Schwetz etal. 1978)... 

Environment Canada (1997) Test for survival and growth in sediment using larvae of the freshwater midges (Chironomus tentans or Chironomus riparius). Report No. EPS/l/RM/32, Environment Canada, Ottawa... 

Coureaud, G., Schaal, B., Coudert, P., Rideaud, P., Fortun-Lamothe, L., Hudson, R. and Orgeur, P. (2000) Immediate postnatal sucking in the rabbit its influence on pup survival and growth. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40, 19-32. 

Cameron, T.P., Hickman, R.L., Komreich, M.R. and Tarone, R.E. (1985). History, survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Testing Program. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5 526-538. 

Living cells are open self-sustained systems that continuously exchange energy and matter with their outside world, allowing them to maintain internal order and to synthesize the building blocks that are necessary for survival and growth [1]. 

F4. Fidler, I. J., and Nicolson, G. L., Organ selectivity for survival and growth of B16 melanoma variant tumor lines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (U.S.) 57, 1199-1201 (1976). 

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