Growth and Survival Factors

Akt is activated by binding of plasma membrane phospholipids downstream of insulin receptors, growth and survival factor receptors in a phosphoinositide 3-kinases dependent manner. In humans, there are three genes in the Akt family Aktl, Akt2 and Akt3. Their respective fimctions are still under investigation. 

L4. Levine, J. S., Koh, J. S., Triaca, V., and Lieberthal, W., Lysophosphatidic acid A novel growth and survival factor for renal proximal tubular cells. Am. J. Physiol. 273, F575—F585 (1997). 

Fig. 13.5 How IL-1 andTNF-a cause inflammation, (a) IL-1 function. IL-1 induces the secretion of TNF-a to enhance its actions. The major effect of IL-1 is on capillary endothelial cells (see text). IL-1 causes keratinocytes and endothelial cells to proliferate and secrete other interleukins, especially IL-8, which acts like IL-1 on capillary endothelial cells (b) TNF-afunction. TNF-a usually acts as a proinflammatory growth and survival factor (see text). Its induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes greater capillary proliferation and permeability. VEGF contains a cysteine knot domain like von Willebrand factor (Fig. 11.2) [a Based on Fig. 1 in Dinarello CA (2000) Proinflammatory Cytokines. Chest 118(2) 503-508 b Slightly modified Fig. 1 from Jackson JM (2007) TNF-a inhibitors, Dermatologic Therapy, 20 251-261]...

Brenne AT, Baade Ro T, Waage A, Sundan A, Borset M, Hjorth-Hansen H Interleukin-21 is a growth and survival factor for human myeloma cells. Blood 2002 99 3756-3762. 

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has a well recognized role as a trophic and survival factor for nervous system cells in tissue culture [26]. However, its specific functions in the developing and mature nervous system have been difficult to define largely because its actions as a trophic... 

It is the principal factor affecting the water activity of young cheeses and has a major effect on the growth and survival of bacteria and the activity of enzymes in cheese, and hence affects and controls the biochemistry of cheese ripening. 

Environmental factors that influence growth and survival... 

Physicochemical factors that affect growth and survival of bacteria... 

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