Surrogate peptide

Protein Biomarker Assays. NextGen Sciences has developed a mass spectrometry method for protein biomarker assays that does not depend on antibodies but instead uses surrogate proteins to facihtate development of assays. The mass spectrometer measures the amount of surrogate peptides and apphes statistical evaluation to assess each biomarker. This first stage requires that a protein be confirmed then only these selected proteins are used for the second stage of validation of these protein biomarkers. The mass spectrometry data are used along with carbon-13 or... 

Yoo J.U., Part I Studies Directed Towards the Synthesis of Amipurimycin. Part II The Development of Novel Peptide Based Nucleic Acid Surrogates. PhD thesis. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, January 1994. 

Sompuram SR, Kodela V, Ramanathan H, et al. Synthetic peptides identified from phage-displayed combinatorial libraries as immunodiagnostic assay surrogate quality-control targets. Clin. Chem. 2002 48 410-420. 

Bacitracin biosynthesis requires a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase with three major protein components, BacABC. This synthetase has a modular structure. There are associated regulatory and transport systems. Biosynthesis of bacitracin has been engineered in the surrogate host, B. subtilis, by genetic techniques. A strain, B. subtilis KE 350, expresses the entire 49-kb bacitracin... 

Pseudopeptides are not always clearly defined in the literature. Here, we use the term to mean compounds with a modified peptide backbone, namely with some or all peptide bonds replaced by bioisosteric surrogates. 

As stated above, we define pseudopeptides as compounds having a modified peptide backbone, namely with at least one peptide bond replaced by a bioisosteric surrogate (summarized in Table 6.7) [139][181][234], Such surrogate groups are nonhydrolyzable by nature, or hydrolyzable only under severe conditions in the case of the S02-NH bond. In the vast majority of published pseudopeptides, only one or a very few peptide bonds had been replaced and most monomeric units are amino acids, meaning that such pseudopeptides do qualify as peptides. 

Table 6.7. Examples of R-CONH-R Peptide-Bond Surrogates Used in Pseudopeptides... 

Fig. 6.41) in rats [238], This pseudopeptide, which contains a CHOHCH2 surrogate replacing the 3,4-peptide bridge, was developed as an... 

Macrocyclization of esters of allylglycine with diols has been successfully used to prepare derivatives of 2,7-diaminosuberic acid [861,864]. The latter are surrogates of cystine, and therefore of interest for the preparation of peptide mimetics. For unknown reasons protected allylglycine derivatives can not be directly dimerized by self metathesis [864]. However, catechol [864], ethylene glycol [861], and 1,2- or 1,3-di(hydroxymethyl)benzene derivatives [860] of allylglycine are suitable templates for the formal self metathesis of this amino acid via RCM. 

L. Lakiewicz D. B. Sherman A. E. Spatola, Subtle Amide Bond Surrogates The Effect of Backbone Thioamides on the Physical Properties, Conformation, and Biological Activities of Peptides. In Peptides J. E. Rivier, R. G. Marshall, Eds. ESCOM Leiden, 1990 p 976. 

In preparation for use as a surrogate vaccine, these peptides were synthesized as conjugates to tetanus toxoid, and in this form also competed with the 0-antigen polysaccharide for binding [104]. Whether these peptides will function as effective immunogenic mimics will likely depend on their propensity to adopt the bioactive conformation in solution. A certain amount... 

Included in this category of compounds are one example of a substrate analogue containing an 7V-ketoalkyl scissile bond surrogate moiety (213), and a number of non-substrate analogue peptides Table 8.19) [176, 209-214]. Some of the latter compounds contain a Cys residue whose side-chain may be interacting with the active site Zn(II) atom. All of these compounds are... 

Once vasodilatation was considered to be a good strategy, as it improves HF symptoms. However later studies showed that the disease itself was not influenced. The accent of HF treatment has moved to progression prevention with rigorous suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Therapy with /3-blockers was also proven to be effective for the reduction of mortality. These treatments should be started early and the evaluation of their effectiveness in individual patients is difficult. As brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced by the heart and more BNP is released in heart failure, the measurement of BNP in the blood has become popular as surrogate marker for the severity of heart failure and for the response of treatment for heart failure. 

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