Surfactants polymerization, emulsifiers

The second generation includes latices made with functional monomers like methacrylic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate [818-61 -17, acrylamide/75 -(9ti-/7, 2-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate [2867-47-2] and sodiumT -vinyl-benzenesulfonate [98-70-4] that create in polymeric emulsifier. The initiator decomposition products, like the sulfate groups arising from persulfate decomposition, can also act as chemically bound surfactants. These surfactants are difficult to remove from the latex particle. 

Coatings emulsions are generally formed by addition polymerization of common, highly available monomers, using free radical initiators to create polymers having molecular weights from a few thousand up to millions. The polymerization is most often stabilized by non-ionic and/or anionic surfactants, which emulsify the insoluble monomer droplets, and then stabilize the resulting particles, usually in the shape of a sphere. In addition to surfactants, emulsions are sometimes stabilized with water-soluble poly-... 

There are an enormous variety of commercial emulsifiers that are employed in emulsion polymerization. Emulsifiers are generally categorized into four major classes anionic, cationic, nonionic and zwitterionic (amphoteric). The anionic and nonionic emulsifiers are the most widely used. In addition, mixtures of emulsifiers are also often used. Since the effects of the molecular structme and chemical and physical properties of an emulsifier on particle formation are still far from being well understood, numerous experimental investigations on particle formation have been carried out to date with various nonionic emulsifiers [99-102], mixed emulsifiers (ionic and nonionic emulsifiers) [18,103-106] and reactive surfactants [33, 107-110]. Recently, polymeric surfactants have become widely used and studied in emulsion polymerizations [111-116]. A general review of polymeric surfactants was published in 1992 by Piirma [117]. Recently, emulsion polymerization stabilized by nonionic and mixed (ionic and nonionic) emulsifiers was reviewed by Capek [118]. 

Values corresponding to surfactants or charged polymeric emulsifiers (only those actually synthesized) that lead preferentially to the formation of OAV and W/O emulsions appear respectively in white and black rectangles. Grey rectangles display HLB values of the most balanced emulsifiers. 

Alkasurf . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Anionic surfactants debngent, emulsifier, wetting agent for toiletries, carpet shampoos, textiles, resin treatments, emulsion polymerization, household and industrial cleaners. 

The fact that poloxamers and proteins were excellent steric stabilizers for double emulsions encouraged scientists to try and design an optimal synthetic polymeric emulsifier to be adsorbed both at the internal and the external interfaces. However, only few commercial polymeric surfactants are available, many of which are designed for... 

Chem. Descrip. Aromatic acid phosphate ester Uses Surfactant lubricant antirust antistat good emulsification detergency pigment dispersant polymerization emulsifier Features Acid and alkali resist. sol. to high cone, electrolyte Iiq. Properties Transparent Iiq. sp.gr. 1.11 pH 2.0 (3% aq.) anionic 100% solids... 

Uses Surfactant, defoamer, emulsifier, solubilizer, detergent, dispersant, lubricant for textiles, pulp/paper, metal, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fermentation, syn. resin emulsions, adhesives, paint pigments, oil, leather, photography, agric. forest industries polymerization emulsifier detergent in auto dishwash, bottle washing, etc. 

Chem. Descrip. Special phenol ethoxylate Uses Surfactant penetrant detergent solubilizer polymerization emulsifier wetting agent, dispersant for pigments Features Stable to alkali, metallic iron, peroxide good flowability and lubrication... 

Uses Surfactant for oil spill dispersants lubricant, antistat in textile spin finishes emulsifier for metalworking fluids, PVC prod. thickener for cosmetics, pigment preps. emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, paints, emulsion polymerization emulsifier, antifoam, antistat, lubricant for cosmetics, industrial applies. 

Uses 0/w and w/o emulsifier, softener, conditioner, texturizer, and aerating agent in foods protective fruit coatings emulsifier, solubilizer, stabilizer. tablet lubricant, excipient, diluent for pharmaceuticals emulsifier. surfactant, solvent in cosmetics polymerization emulsifier forfood-pkg. film... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4150 mg/kg, (IV, rat) 390 mg/kg poison by IV route mod. toxic by ing. irritating to skin and eyes TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Surfactant, thickener, emulsifier, vise, control agent, lubricant, solubilizer for personal care prods. emulsion polymerization surfactant textile spin finishes emulsifier for antibiotic gels... 

---