Surface waters history

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

The site-specific requirements for landfill remediation should be developed before beginning design or selection of cover type. Site-specific requirements depend on numerous site-specific factors, including landfill history waste type, quantity, and age climate geologic setting local surface water and groundwater use and regulatory requirements. 

The 6180 in Byrd core melted ice as a function of depth has been measured by mass spectrometry [4,5]. Since the 6180 scale depends on the temperature of the ocean water that developed into snow flakes [6], accurate dating of the core itself is necessary to reveal the temperature history of the ocean surface water. Oeschger et al., [7] measured the 14C contents of C02 extracted from 3 tons of ice melted i n situ, at depths of 100, 175, 270, and 380 m near the Byrd site, their 14C ages for 270- and 380-m depths are 1300 700 and 3000 500 years, respectively. 

Relevance to the environment. To provide evidence that the recalcitrance of some SPC species in the FBBR liquor was not restricted by limitations in the microbial community, keeping in mind that it was sourced from surface water with a known history of LAS exposure, a comparison with the fate of SPC in a natural environment was sought. For this purpose, the isomer patterns of a selected homologue detected in a steady-state FBBR sample was compared to that found in an extract from the river Rhine [34]. 

After the stochastic nature of hydrate crystal nucleation, the quantification of the hydrate growth rate provides some relief for modeling hydrate formation. However, only a limited amount of accurate data exist for the crystal growth rate after nucleation. Most of the nucleation parameters (displacement from equilibrium conditions, surface area, agitation, water history, and gas composition) continue to be important in hydrate growth. 

Contaminant distribution in soil and water depends on such factors as soil properties the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant contaminant fate and transport in soil, groundwater or surface water and even the manner in which the contaminant was introduced into the environment. The knowledge of these issues coupled with available information on site history and background allows us to make valid assumptions in the planning phase on contaminant distribution and variability at the site. 

Many stages of the water cycle are described by specific information implanted into surface water and groundwater. Yet, field hydrochemists have limited access to the water, being able to measure and sample it only at single points—wells and springs. Their task is to reconstruct the complete water history. A list of pertinent topics is given below. 

Charles C. D. and Fairbanks R. G. (1988) Glacial to interglacial changes in the isotopic gradients of southern Ocean surface water. In Geological History of the Polar Oceans Arctic versus Antarctic (eds. U. Bleil and J. Thiede). Kluwer Academic, pp. 519-538. 

The residence times (and lag times) of Nr in forests can be years to centuries depending on forest history, forest type, and Nr inputs. The effects of Nr accumulation in forests are numerous, most relate to changes in forest and microbial productivity and function. There is signihcant potential for Nr to be transferred to the atmosphere as NO and N2O and especially to surface waters as NOj" once Nr additions or availability exceed biotic requirements. Relative to inputs in high Nr deposition areas, there is a limited potential for Nr to be removed from the cascade through N2 formation. 

Spliethoff, H. M. and Hemond, H. F. (1996). History of Toxic Metal Discharge to Surface Waters of the Aberjona Watershed. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(1), 121-128. 

Stable nitrogen isotope compositions are useful tracers of both the source of N to the biomass and the history of the organic nitrogen. The of dissolved N2 in surface waters (c.+ 0.6%o) is slightly enriched compared with atmospheric N2 (0%o) because the heavier gas molecules have a lower vapor pressure and are more soluble in water. In contrast, dissolved NO3 (by far the most abundant form of oxidized inorganic nitrogen in the sea) exhibits values that... 

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