Surface preparation of titanium

A number of discussions of the surface preparation of titanium have appeared. The methods employed form six groups  

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Surface Preparations of Titanium Alloys for Adhesive Bonding... 

Inadequate surface preparation of titanium before coating can result in surface oxides of Ti with the O content approaching two. Also, if the anode potential is high, the oxide films on the Ti can break down, leading to the anodic dissolution of Ti. It is essential to ensure that the intermediate layer containing mixed oxides of Ti and Ru is conductive. This can be done by proper thermal treatment of the coating. Otherwise, the anode potential will be high from the start. 

Alkaline peroxide anodization Anodization in a mixture of 2-8% sodium hydroxide containing 2.2-11.2% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min at 5-15 volts is also an excellent method for the surface preparation of titanium. 

H. M. Clearfield joined Martin Marietta Laboratories in January, 1985. Since then, he has primarily investigated surface and interfacial phenomena in adhesive bonding, including surface preparation of titanium alloys for structural applications at high service temperatures, mechanisms of bond failures that occur at high temperatures, and bonding of the thermal protection system to the space shuttle external tank. Additionally, he has investigated dopant depth distributions in ion-implanted and laser-annealed silicon. Dr, Clearfield is supervisor of surface analysis facilities at Martin Marietta Laboratories. Recently, Dr. Clearfield joined IBM s T. J. Watson Research Center. 

Surface preparation of the dental implant prior to implantation wiH have an effect on corrosion behavior, initial metal ion release, and interface tissue response (316). The titanium and titanium aHoy dental implants in present use have many forms to assist bone ingrowth attachment including cylinders with holes, screw threaded surfaces, porous surfaces, and other types of roughened surfaces. Methods used to produce porous surfaces iaclude arc plasma... 

The success rate of dental implants increased dramatically during the 1980s [9]. Improved materials, selection of appropriate materials, and advanced technology have resulted in an improved implant/bone interface attachment that is responsible for the increased success. Success of dental implants is measured by the absence of mobility, no ra-diolucency between the bone and implant, and no other adverse symptoms or problems. The most successful dental implant today is the endosseous implant where the implant is anchored into the bone and osseointegrated. Success rates can be as high as 95 % over a five-year period Titanium and Ti-6Al-4V are the most widely used materials for the implants. The effects of surface treatment on the surface oxides of titanium have been shown [72,73]. Titanium was the material of choice for Branemark, who correlated the dental implant surface preparation and purity with the histology results of the interfacial bone [74]. 

Negishi N., lyoda T., Hashimoto K., Fujishima A. Preparation of transparent Ti02 thin film photocatalyst and its photocatalytic activity. Chem. Lett. 1995 841-842 Negishi N., Takeuchi K., Ibusuki T. The surface structure of titanium dioxide thins film photocatalyst. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1997 121/122 417 20... 

Electroplating generally refers to the method of bath electrodeposition, where the part to be plated is made an electrode (the cathode) in an electrochemical cell. ASTM B 481 describes three separate processes for surface preparation and electroplating of titanium and titanium alloys (ASTM B 481, Standard Practice for Preparation of Titanium and Titanium Alloys, The American Society for Ibsting... 

Aluminium is widely applied for decorative and protective requirements, while cadmium , zinc and titanium have been applied to ferrous materials chiefly for their protective value. The method finds particular application in the plating of high-tensile steels used in aviation and rocketry, car fittings and lamp reflectors, and gramophone record master discs, as well as in the preparation of specimens for electron microscopy and in rendering insulated surfaces electrically conducting, e.g. metallising of capacitors and resistors. 

Fibers of titanium diboride can be prepared by reaction (a) at 400°C in an electrical discharge. Adherent layers of certain metal borides on metal substrate surfaces are obtained by thermal decomposition of metal (Mo, W, Nb, Ta) halides and BBr3 on a metallic substrate using a solar furnace or induction heating ... 

The Ti02 (001) surface was cleaned and reduced by cycles of ion bombardment as previously described [3]. The distribution of titanium oxidation states was determined from cxirve fitting the Ti(2p3/2) envelope in x-ray photoelectron spectra [3]. After surface preparation, reaction experiments were conducted in either the TPD or steady state mode. TPD experiments have been described [1]. XPS spectra were also obtained following a saturation exposure of the sample using the same procedure as that for the TPD experiments. After pump down, the crystal was placed under the Mg X-ray source and the Ti(2p), 0(ls), and C(ls) regions were scanned. For steady-state experiments a dosing needle was aligned perpendicular to the axis of the mass spectrometer. It was used to direct a steady beam of methylacetylene (Linde, 95%) at the crystal surface when the sample was placed at the aperture of the mass spectrometer. Steady state reaction experiments were... 

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